Serum Cortisol, 25 (OH)D, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 4

Associations between cortisol and cardiovascular risk factors for low, medium, and high levels of 25 (OH)D.

Variables	Interaction effect	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	P for interaction
CVD
CHD	−0.02082	−0.7070	0.2906	0.4133
Stroke	0.2042	−0.2272	0.6357	0.3536
Cardiovascular risk factors
HOMA2-β	−0.1498	−0.2427	−0.0569	0.0016
TG	−0.0705	−0.3183	0.1773	0.5768
HDL-C	−0.0233	−0.0699	0.0233	0.3262
LDL-C	−0.0349	−0.1723	0.1026	0.6187
FPG	0.4637	0.0044	0.9229	0.0478
Fasting insulin	−1.8685	−2.8580	−0.8791	0.0002
HbAlc	0.2767	0.0086	0.5449	0.0431

Significant association (P < 0.05) indicated by boldface type. The moderation analyses were applied to identify whether 25 (OH)D altered the associations between serum cortisol and CVD and its risk factors. The model adjusted confounders of age, gender, educational level, average monthly individual income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, high fat diet, vegetables and fruits intake, and family history of T2DM. Significant association (P < 0.05) was indicated by boldface type.