The Determinants of Adolescent Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder: A Cohort Study
Table 3
The prevalence of glycolipid metabolism for adolescent according to perinatal and childhood experiences.
Variables
HOMA-IR (>3)
Dyslipidemia
Prediabetes
Prevalence
Prevalence
Prevalence
Sample size
416 (21.02%)
436 (21.61%)
67 (7.19%)
Region
Urban
336 (22.86%)
<0·01
309 (20.7%)
0.09
28 (6.91%)
0.78
Rural
80 (15.72%)
127 (24.19%)
39 (7.40%)
Anthropometric measures
Sex
Male
205 (19.86%)
0.19
223 (21.2%)
0.64
41 (8.17%)
0.21
Female
211 (22.28%)
213 (22.05%)
26 (6.05%)
Age, y
∼10
44 (15.17%)
<0·01
49 (16.55%)
0.03
7 (6.67%)
0.74
∼11
205 (19.51%)
252 (23.53%)
39 (7.80%)
≥12
167 (26.18%)
135 (20.74%)
21 (6.42%)
Pubertal development
No
276 (23.08%)
<0·01
262 (21.56%)
0·96
34 (7.80%)
0.69
Yes
96 (17.55%)
120 (21.47%)
29 (7.09%)
Dyslipidemia, in 2014
No
138 (18.42%)
0·06
114 (15.64%)
<0·01
28 (8.75%)
0.12
Yes
61 (23.74%)
96 (32.65%)
5 (4.31%)
Obesity, in 2014
Normal
200 (17.33%)
<0·01
242 (20.46%)
<0·01
34 (6.19%)
0.06
Overweight
56 (29.63%)
44 (22.92%)
6 (6.19%)
Obesity
73 (38.42%)
60 (31.41%)
16 (11.85%)
Obesity, in 2019
Normal
245 (16.21%)
<0·01
281 (18.33%)
<0·01
41 (6.35%)
0.15
Overweight
89 (32.36%)
86 (30.71%)
6 (5.94%)
Obesity
81 (44.75%)
64 (34·78%)
18 (10.47%)
Abdominal obesity, in 2014
Normal
243 (19.57%)
<0·01
265 (20.88%)
0.05
39 (6.20%)
0.02
Abdominal obesity
64 (32.99%)
53 (26.9%)
15 (11.90%)
Abdominal obesity, in 2019
Normal
287 (17.28%)
<0·01
321 (19.04%)
<0·01
45 (6.27%)
0.07
Abdominal obesity
127 (41.91%)
108 (35.06%)
20 (9.95%)
Perinatal measures
Maternal prepregnancy obesity
Low weight
241 (22.25%)
0.12
221 (20.16%)
0.06
36 (7.33%)
0.02
Normal weight
57 (17.87%)
84 (26.09%)
3 (2.17%)
Overweight/obesity
37 (25.52%)
35 (23.33%)
9 (11.69%)
Maternal pregnancy weight gain
Below IOM guidelines
105 (22.01%)
0.98
96 (19.92%)
0.45
16 (7.21%)
0.55
Within IOM guidelines
129 (21.57%)
140 (23.1%)
22 (7.64%)
Above IOM guidelines
100 (21.65%)
102 (21.75%)
10 (5.15%)
Premature delivery
No
317 (21.40%)
0.53
316 (21%)
0.12
47 (6.98%)
0.79
Yes
44 (23.40%)
49 (25.93%)
5 (6.17%)
Fatal weight of pregnancy week
SGA
226 (20.68%)
0.03
236 (21.22%)
0.72
35 (7.09%)
0.91
Appropriate for GA
20 (15.75%)
24 (18.75%)
4 (5.88%)
LGA
99 (25.52%)
87 (22.14%)
13 (7.43%)
Gestational hypertension
No
384 (21.03%)
0.83
399 (21.45%)
0.48
61 (7.30%)
0.85
Yes
12 (22.22%)
14 (25.45%)
2 (8.33%)
Gestational diabetes
No
393 (21.14%)
0.62
409 (21.59%)
0.63
63 (7.35%)
0.37
Yes
7 (25.00%)
5 (17.86%)
0 (0.00%)
Birth with Cesarean operation
No
132 (20.06%)
0.34
139 (20.81%)
0.51
22 (6.92%)
0.87
Yes
245 (21.99%)
250 (22.12%)
35 (7.22%)
Breast-feeding
No
43 (23.24%)
0.55
46 (24.6%)
0.40
5 (5.32%)
0.47
Yes
207 (21.27%)
217 (21.83%)
42 (7.38%)
Socioeconomic measures
Income, Yuan/year
∼50,000
114 (18.84%)
0.02
146 (23.78%)
0.21
27 (8.39%)
0.51
∼150,000
161 (20.43%)
160 (19.88%)
24 (6.47%)
>150,000
122 (25.42%)
105 (21.47%)
12 (6.09%)
Marriage status
Double parents
349 (21.33%)
0.47
356 (21.42%)
0.44
56 (7.49%)
0.30
Single parents
28 (18.79%)
36 (24.16%)
3 (4.17%)
Mother’s education, y
∼9
125 (19.20%)
0.05
153 (22.97%)
0.41
24 (6.02%)
0.43
∼12
132 (19.76%)
145 (21.45%)
25 (8.59%)
≥15
149 (24.31%)
125 (19.94%)
17 (7.56%)
Father’s education, y
∼9
102 (18.44%)
<0.01
128 (22.78%)
0.44
23 (6.69%)
0.74
∼12
134 (19.20%)
157 (22.11%)
26 (8.12%)
≥15
170 (25.00%)
139 (19.97%)
17 (6.77%)
Mother’s occupation
Manager
29 (27.36%)
0.61
32 (29.91%)
0.09
6 (11.32%)
0.81
Worker
135 (20.58%)
133 (19.79%)
21 (6.58%)
Technician/researcher
13 (21.31%)
10 (16.39%)
2 (8.00%)
Farmer
110 (20.87%)
126 (23.55%)
20 (7.49%)
Other
119 (20.70%)
121 (20.65%)
17 (6.88%)
Father’s occupation
Manager
35 (22.15%)
0.09
33 (20.50%)
0.55
7 (10.29%)
0.53
Worker
130 (19.55%)
136 (20.09%)
28 (8.31%)
Technician/researcher
47 (29.19%)
32 (19.39%)
5 (8.62%)
Farmer
106 (19.78%)
129 (23.71%)
17 (6.46%)
Other
84 (21.37%)
89 (22.19%)
9 (5.03%)
a, b ,cDifference of post hoc analyses among groups; different letters mean the difference existed between two groups. dNatural logarithmic transformation was used to calculate the value. e932 samples were included. f;g. SGA: small for gestational age, GA: gestational age, LGA: large for gestational age.
