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| Model | Treatment | Findings | References |
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| HFD-induced C57BL/6J male mice | Oral 150 IU/kg per day calcitriol orally (in 1 mL coconut oil) by oral gavage for 16 weeks | Gradual decrease in weight in HFD-fed mice treated with calcitriol, reduced concentrations of various inflammatory markers including TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6, lower the levels of C-peptide and insulin, improved liver structure | Alkharfy et al. [115] |
|
| Diet-induced obese C57BL/6J WT mice | 12 weeks of 60% HFD with 9–12 weeks of calcipotriol (TOCRIS) treatment (20 μg/kg body weight) | VDR activation by calcipotriol suppressed liver inflammation and hepatic steatosis, therefore significantly improving insulin sensitivity | Dong et al. [59] |
|
| Vitamin D-deficient C57BL/6 male mice | Intraperitoneal injections of cholecalciferol 50 ng·3x/week for 6 weeks | Improved insulin sensitivity in vitamin D-deficient lean mice but no significant improvement in insulin resistance in obese mice | Mutt et al. [19] |
|
| Diet-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice | Intraperitoneal injections of 7 μg/kg calcitriol 3x/week for 8 weeks | Reduced body weight, improved overall systemic glucose tolerance, restored insulin signaling, and reverted hepatic myosteatosis | Benetti et al. [57] |
|
| Diet-induced obese and insulin-resistant C57BL/6J adult male mice | Oral calcitriol 3000 IU/kg/day (75 mg/kg/day) for 7 consecutive days | Complete restoration of insulin sensitivity, reduced body weight, and glycemia, but with severe kidney damage | Gaspar et al. [55] |
|
| Diet-induced vitamin D-deficient obese C57BL/6J male mice | Oral cholecalciferol 67 IU/kg/day for 8 weeks | Upregulated glucose uptake, improved glucose metabolism, prevented oxidative stress via novel molecular mechanisms | Manna et al. [54] |
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| Diet- and STZ-induced diabetic male SD rats | Oral vitamin D 0.03 μg/kg/day for 8 weeks | Protective effects against diabetes-induced liver complications by attenuating the crosstalk between inflammation and insulin resistance, and ameliorating hyperglycemic state | Liu et al. [137] |
|
| STZ-induced diabetic male SD rats | Intraperitoneal injections of 20,000 IU/kg of cholecalciferol on days 1 and 14 | Significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose, decline in HbA1c, improved insulin, and IGF-1 levels | Derakhshanian et al. [56] |
|
| Alloxan-induced diabetic female albino mice | 7 ng/gm/day of 1,25(OH)2D3 dissolved in propylene glycol given intraperitoneally for 15 days | Lowered serum glucose, improved activities of enzymes of glucose metabolic pathways, restored glucose homeostasis, and reduced pancreatic and liver damage. | Meerza et al. [53] |
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