Prognostic Factors for COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients with Preexisting Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Characteristics, radiologic and laboratory findings, treatments, and complications of COVID-19 patients with and without T2D, between survivors and nonsurvivors in COVID-19 patients with T2D.

Variables	All COVID-19 patients (N = 382)				COVID-19 patients with T2D (n = 108)
	Total (N = 382)	Nondiabetes (n = 274)	Diabetes (n = 108)	value	Nonsurvivor (n = 16)	Survivor (n = 92)	value
Age, y	63 (52–70)	60 (48–67)	68 (61–75)	<0.0001	74 (65–89)	67 (60–73)	0.017
Age at diagnosed with diabetes, y	—	—	—	—	62 (56–67)	60 (51–66)	0.14
Duration of diabetes, y	—	—	—	—	10 (6–20)	8 (4–12)	0.051
Occupation
Employee	116 (30.37)	103 (37.59)	13 (12.04)	<0.0001	1 (6.3)	12 (13.0)	0.17
Retired	161 (42.15)	111 (40.51)	50 (46.30)		11 (68.7)	39 (42.4)
Unemployment	105 (27.49)	60 (21.90)	45 (41.66)		4 (25.0)	41 (44.6)
Signs and symptoms
Fever	306 (80.10)	234 (85.40)	72 (66.67)	<0.0001	9/16 (56.3)	63/92 (68.5)	0.34
Cough	202 (52.88)	135 (49.27)	67 (62.04)	0.024	9/16 (56.3)	58/92 (63.0)	0.59
Fever and cough	265 (69.37)	207 (75.55)	58 (53.70)	<0.0001	7/16 (43.7)	51/92 (55.4)	0.43
Chest distress	8 (2.09)	2 (0.73)	6 (5.56)	0.0076	2/16 (12.5)	4/92 (4.4)	0.21
Nausea and vomiting	4 (1.05)	0	4 (1.05)	0.0061	1/16 (6.3)	3/92 (85.2)	0.48
Coexisting conditions
Any comorbidity	138 (36.31)	69 (25.18)	69 (63.89)	<0.0001	14/16 (87.5)	55/92 (59.8)	0.033
Hypertension	144 (37.70)	79 (28.83)	65 (60.19)	<0.0001	10/16 (62.5)	55/92 (59.8)	1
Cerebrovascular disease	14 (3.66)	4 (1.46)	10 (9.26)	0.0008	0/16 (0)	10/92 (10.9)	0.35
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases	48 (12.57)	27 (9.85)	21 (19.44)	0.011	8/16 (50.0)	13/92 (14.1)	0.0027
Endocrine system disease	30 (7.85)	7 (2.55)	23 (21.30)	<0.0001	1/16 (6.3)	22/92 (23.9)	0.18
Disease severity
Nonsevere	160 (41.88)	128 (46.72)	32 (29.63)	<0.0001	2 (12.5)	30 (32.6)	0.0003
Severe	189 (49.48)	132 (48.18)	57 (52.78)		5 (31.3)	52 (56.5)
Critical	33 (8.64)	14 (5.11)	19 (17.59)		9 (56.2)	10 (10.9)
Abnormalities on chest CT
No GGO	22 (5.76)	7 (2.55)	15 (13.89)	<0.0001	1/16 (6.3)	14/92 (15.2)	0.46
Bilateral GGO	191 (50.00)	147 (53.65)	44 (40.74)	0.023	6/16 (37.5)	38/92 (41.3)	1
Diffuse patchy ground glass and air bronchogram	29 (7.59)	16 (5.84)	13 (12.04)	0.039	1/16 (6.3)	12/92 (13.0)	0.69
White blood cell count, 10^9/L
<4	98 (26.92)	74 (28.79)	24 (22.43)	0.011	3 (20.0)	21 (22.8)	0.011
4–10	240 (65.93)	164 (63.81)	76 (71.03)		8 (53.3)	68 (73.9)
>10	26 (7.14)	19 (7.39)	7 (6.54)		4 (26.7)	3 (3.3)
Neutrophil count, 10^9/L
<40	127 (34.89)	60 (23.35)	67 (62.62)	<0.0001	5 (33.3)	62 (67.4)	0.0029
40–75	137 (37.64)	118 (45.91)	19 (17.76)		2 (13.3)	17 (18.5)
>75	100 (27.47)	79 (30.74)	21 (19.63)		8 (53.4)	13 (14.1)
Lymphocyte count, 10^9/L
<20	238 (65.38)	147 (57.20)	91 (85.05)	<0.0001	14 (93.3)	77 (83.7)	0.46
20–50	122 (33.52)	106 (41.25)	16 (14.95)		1 (6.7)	15 (16.3)
>50	4 (1.10)	4 (1.56)	0
Monocyte count, 10^9/L
<3	160 (44.20)	86 (33.73)	74 (69.16)	<0.0001	9 (60.0)	65 (70.7)	0.39
3–10	160 (44.20)	134 (52.55)	26 (24.30)		4 (26.7)	22 (23.9)
>10	42 (11.60)	35 (13.73)	7 (6.54)		2 (13.3)	5 (5.4)
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L
<13	50(13.40)	41 (15.30)	9 (8.57)	0.029	0	9 (10.0)	<0.0001
13-35	227(60.86)	152 (56.72)	75 (71.43)		5 (33.3)	70 (77.8)
>35	96 (25.74)	75 (27.99)	21 (20.00)		10 (66.7)	11 (12.2)
Serum amyloid A (SAA), mg/L	92.5 (22.0–210.0)	115 (34–210)	34 (4–200)	0.0016	210 (200–250)	153 (2–153.5)	<0.0001
Hypersensitive troponin I, pg/mL	0.008 (0–0.041)	0.008 (0–0.059)	0.007 (0.001–0.0225)	0.011	0.039 (0.01–0.13)	0.001 (0–0.017)	0.18
Creatinine, μmol/L	63 (48–79)	60 (46–76)	68.5 (52.0–87.0)	0.0023	74 (66–116)	68 (49–86)	0.026
Procalcitonin, ng/mL	0.25 (0.01–0.06)	0.03 (0.01–0.07)	0.02 (0.01–0.06)	<0.0001	0.05 (0.02–0.23)	0.02 (0.01–0.05)	0.35
Blood glucose, mmol/L	5.8 (5.1–7.5)	5.5 (4.9–6.4)	7.7 (5.9–10.8)	<0.0001	11.5 (5.4–18.3)	7.6 (6.1–9.5)	0.05
Glycated hemoglobin, mmol/mol					7.7 (6.6–8.6)	7.5 (6.5–8.6)	0.73
Potassium, mmol/L	4.0 (3.6–4.4)	3.9 (3.5–4.3)	4.1 (3.7–4.5)	0.0073	4.2 (3.4–4.6)	4.1 (3.7–4.5)	0.47
LDL, mmol/L	2.31 (1.88–2.96)	2.26 (1.82–2.86)	2.50 (2.12–3.11)	0.047	2.3 (2.1–2.8)	2.6 (2.1–3.2)	0.012
Diabetes treatment
Oral medication plus insulin	—	—	—	—	2 (12.5)	13 (14.1)	<0.0001
Oral medication only	—	—	—	—	2 (12.5)	63 (68.5)
Insulin only	—	—	—	—	12 (75.0)	16 (17.4)
Antiviral therapy
Oseltamivir	244 (64.04)	193 (70.70)	51 (47.22)	<0.0001	12/16 (75.0)	39/92 (85.2)	0.028
Ganciclovir	251 (65.88)	191 (69.96)	60 (55.56)	0.0075	14/16 (87.5)	46/92 (50.0)	0.0059
Antibiotic therapy
Antibiotics	344 (90.29)	259 (94.87)	85 (78.70)	<0.0001	16/16 (100)	69/92 (75.0)	0.021
Steroid therapy
Oxygen support
Non-invasive ventilation
No	330 (86.39)	251 (91.61)	79 (73.15)	<0.0001	4 (25.0)	75 (81.5)	<0.0001
Yes	52 (13.61)	23 (8.39)	29 (26.85)		12 (75.0)	17 (18.5)
Complications
Arrhythmia	28 (7.35)	13 (4.76)	15 (13.89)	0.0021	8/16 (50.0)	7/92 (7.6)	0.0001
Septic shock	19 (4.99)	8 (2.93)	11 (10.19)	0.0034	8/16 (50.0)	3/92 (3.3)	<0.0001