International Journal of Endocrinology

Research Article

Characteristics, Mortality, and Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 and Diabetes: A Reference Single-Center Cohort Study from Poland

Table 2

Comparison of DP patients according to the survival status together with univariate logistic regression results.


Clinical feature	Available data	All (N = 1364)^	In-hospital death			Univariate logistic regression
Clinical feature	Available data	All (N = 1364)^	No (N = 1003)	Yes (N = 361)	value	OR (95% CI)	value

Sex (female)	1364	606 (44.4%)	456/1003 (45.5%)	149/361 (41.3%)	0.318	0.84 (0.66–1.07)	0.169
Age (years)	1364	70 (62–77)	68 (61–76)	74 (67–81)	<0.001	1.05 (1.04–1.06)	<0.001
Age class >65 years (N (%))	1364	869 (63.7%)	586/1003 (58.4%)	283/361 (78.4%)	<0.001	2.58 (1.96–3.43)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	582	29.9 (26.4–34.6)	29.8 (26.5–34.6)	30.00 (25.9–34.3)	0.461	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.948
BMI >25 kg/m² (N (%))	582	493 (84.7%)	369/428 (86.2%)	124/155 (80.5%)	0.116	0.67 (0.41–1.09)	0.100
Type of diabetes	1360				0.0195
T1DM		28 (2.1%)	23/999 (2.3%)	5/361 (1.4%)		0.58 (0.19–1.42)	0.274
T2DM		1277 (93.9%)	929/999 (92.9%)	348/361 96.4%)		Ref	Ref
GDM		20 (1.5%)	20/999 (2%)	0/361 (0%)		(NA –76.9)	0.946
MODY		3 (0.2%)	2/999 (0.2%)	1/361 (0.3%)		0.74 (0.30–1.66)	0.501
Others		32 (2.3%)	25/999 (25%)	7/361 (1.9%)		1.33 (0.06–14.00)	0.814
HbA1c (%)	459	7.2 (6.5–8.5)	7.2 (6.4–8.4)	7.6 (6.7–8.7)	0.120	1.07 (0.94–1.21)	0.271
Hypertension (N (%))	1364	1131 (82.9%)	827/1003 (82.5%)	304/361 (84.2%)	0.447	1.14 (0.82–1.58)	0.447
Hyperlipidemia (N (%))	1364	459 (33.7%)	353/1003 (35.2%)	106/361 (29.4%)	0.044	0.77 (0.59–0.99)	0.045
Heart failure (N (%))	1364	235 (17.2%)	129/1003 (12.9%)	106/361 (29.4%)	<0.001	2.82 (2.10–3.77)	<0.001
Coronary artery disease (N (%))	1364	394 (28.9%)	263/1003 (26.2%)	131/361 (36.3%)	<0.001	1.60 (1.24–2.07)	<0.001
History of myocardial infarction (N (%))	1364	228 (16.7%)	146/1003 (14.6%)	82/361 (22.7%)	<0.001	1.73 (1.27–2.33)	<0.001
Atrial fibrillation (N (%))	1364	253 (18.5%)	159/1003 (15.9%)	94/361 (26%)	<0.001	1.87 (1.40–2.49)	<0.001
History of stroke (N (%))	1364	157 (11.5%)	106/1003 (10.6%)	51/361 (14.1%)	0.069	1.39 (0.97–1.98)	0.070
COPD (N (%))	1364	115 (8.4%)	68/1003 (6.8%)	47/361 (13%)	<0.001	2.06 (1.38–3.04)	<0.001
CKD (N (%))	1364	202 (14.8%)	119/1003 (11.6%)	83/361 (23%)	<0.001	2.22 (1.62–3.02)	<0.001
History of neoplasm (N (%))	1364	163 (12%)	116/1003 (11.6%)	47/361 (13%)	0.465	1.14 (0.79–1.63)	0.465
Prehospital diabetes treatment	1312
Metformin (N (%))		697 (53.1%)	559/985 (56.8%)	138/327 (42.2%)	<0.001	0.56 (0.43–0.72)	<0.001
SU (N (%))		242 (18.4%)	181/985 (18.4%)	61/327 (18.7%)	0.910	1.02 (0.73–1.4)	0.910
DPP4-I (N (%))		27 (2.1%)	19/985 (1.9%)	8/327 (2.4%)	0.568	1.28 (0.52–2.84)	0.569
GLP-1RA (N (%))		5 (0.4%)	4/985 (0.4%)	1/327 (0.3%)	1	0.75 (0.04–5.11)	0.799
SGLT2i (N (%))		76 (5.8%)	60/985 (6.1%)	16/327 (4.9%)	0.422	0.79 (0.44–1.36)	0.422
Insulin (N (%))		467 (35.6%)	323/985 (32.8%)	144/327 (44%)	<0.001	1.61 (1.25–2.08)	<0.001
In-hospital diabetes treatment	1297
Metformin (N (%))		457 (35.2%)	433/977 (44.3%)	24/320 (7.5%)	<0.001	0.10 (0.06–0.15)	<0.001
Sulfonylureas (N (%))		161 (12.4%)	141/977 14.4 (%)	20/320 (6.3%)	<0.001	0.40 (0.24–0.63)	<0.001
DPP4 inhibitors (N (%))		19 (1.5%)	18/977 (1.8%)	1/320 (0.3%)	0.058	0.17 (0.01–0.81)	0.082
GLP-1 receptor agonists (N (%))		6 (0.5%)	6/977 0.6 (%)	0/320 (0%)	0.346	0.0 (0->1000)	0.97
SGLT2 inhibitors (N (%))		84 (6.5%)	80/977 (8.2%)	4/320 (1.3%)	<0.001	0.14 (0.04–0.34)	<0.001
Insulin (N (%))		800 (61.7%)	563/977 (57.6%)	237/320 74.1 (%)	<0.001	2.1 (1.59–2.79)	<0.001
In-hospital treatment	1364
Antiplatelet drugs (N (%))		254 (18.6%)	193/1003 (19.2%)	61/361 (16.9%)	0.326	0.85 (0.62–1.17)	0.327
VKA/NOAC (N (%))		90 (6.6%)	81/1003 (8.1%)	9/361 (2.5%)	<0.001	0.29 (0.13–0.6	<0.001
ACEI/ARB (N (%))		274 (20.1%)	233/1003 (23.2%)	41/361 (11.4%)	<0.001	0.42 (0.29–0.60)	<0.001
Beta-blocker (N (%))		433 (31.7%)	339/1003 (33.8%)	94/361 (26%)	0.007	0.69 (0.53–0.90)	<0.001
CCB (N (%))		219 (16.1%)	190/1003 (18.9%)	29/361 (8%)	<0.001	0.37 (0.24–0.56)	<0.001
Loop diuretics (N (%))		531 (38.9%)	326 (32.5%)	205 (56.8%)	<0.001	2.73 (2.13–3.50)	<0.001
Thiazide diuretics (N (%))		120 (8.8%)	113/1003 (11.3%)	7/361 (1.9%)	<0.001	0.16 (0.07–0.31)	<0.001
Statin (N (%))		237 (17.4%)	191/1003 (19%)	46/361 (12.7%)	0.007	0.62 (0.43–0.87)	0.007
Remdesivir (N (%))		98 (7.2%)	75/1003 (7.5%)	23/361 (6.4%)	0.485	0.84 (0.51–1.34)	0.486
Dexamethasone (N (%))		353 (25.9%)	213/1003 (21.2%)	140/361 (38.8%)	<0.001	2.35 (1.81–3.05)	<0.001
LMWH (N (%))		675 (49.5%)	465/1003 (46.4%)	210/361 (58.2%)	<0.001	1.61 (1.26–2.05)	<0.001
On-admission presentation
SBP (mmHg)	1181	131 (116–147)	133 (120–149)	125 (100–140)	<0.001	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	1181	79 (69–87)	80 (70–88)	72 (60–82)	<0.001	0.97 (0.96–0.98)	<0.001
Heart rate (bpm)	1196	82 (74–95)	82 (74–94)	82 (73–100)	0.367	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	0.270
Respiratory rate (N)	947	16 (12–20)	15 (12–18)	18 (14–22)	<0.001	1.10 (1.07–1.13)	<0.001
Oxygen saturation (%)	1109	95 (91–97)	95 (91–97)	93 (88–96)	<0.001	0.96 (0.94–0.97)	<0.001
On-admission laboratory results
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)	1127	8.1 (6.0–11.5)	7.78 (5.9–10.83)	9 (6.32–13.5)	0.002	1.04 (1.01–1.06)	0.001
Plasma glucose >10 mmol/l (N (%))	1127	366 (32.5%)	251/852 (29.5%)	115/275 (41.8%)	<0.001	1.72 (1.30–2.28)	<0.001
Creatinine (mmol/l)	942	87.2 (66.4–132.8)	81 (63.98–109)	122.5 (78.95–188)	<0.001	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	<0.001
CRP (mg/l)	1321	58.1 (23.4–109)	49.6 (18.7–90.3)	93.4 (46.6–165)	<0.001	1.01 (1.01–1.01)	<0.001
D-dimer (μg/ml)	1259	1.1 (0.6–2.3)	0.92 (0.54–1.78)	1.69 (0.94–4,42)	<0.001	1.07 (1.05–1.09)	<0.001
WBC (10³/mm³)	1319	6.6 (4.8–9.5)	6.29 (4.62–8.67)	8.25 (5.62–12.61)	<0.001	1.11 (1.08–1.14)	<0.001

^Data are presented as median (Q1-Q3); variable used in logistic regression modeling. BMI, body mass index; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; MODY, maturity onset diabetes of the young; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; SU, sulphonylurea; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT2, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors; VKA, vitamin K antagonists; NOAC, new oral anticoagulant; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB, calcium-channel blockers; LMWH, low-molecular weight heparin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; CRP, C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood count; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.