Association between Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Serum Uric Acid: A US NHANES 2011–2020
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of all participants were stratified by quartiles of HbA1c.
Variables#
Total
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
value
HbA1c quartile
5.8 ± 1.2
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
(2.8–5.2)
(5.2–5.5)
(5.5–5.9)
(5.9–17)
Participants
7293
1306
1831
2149
2007
Serum uric acid (μmol/L)
328.3 ± 85.0
314.3 ± 83.9
316.6 ± 80.2
326.3 ± 79.9
350.1 ± 91.0
<0.001
Age (years)
49.3 ± 17.3
38.1 ± 15.0
43.1 ± 16.3
51.8 ± 16.5
59.4 ± 13.5
<0.001
Sex
<0.001
Male
3816 (52.3%)
635 (48.6%)
927 (50.6%)
1114 (51.8%)
1140 (56.8%)
Female
3477 (47.7%)
671 (51.4%)
904 (49.4%)
1035 (48.2%)
867 (43.2%)
Race (%)
<0.001
Mexican American
904 (12.4%)
147 (11.3%)
236 (12.9%)
263 (12.2%)
258 (12.9%)
Other Hispanic
740 (10.2%)
110 (8.4%)
182 (9.9%)
225 (10.5%)
223 (11.1%)
Non-Hispanic White
3087 (42.3%)
657 (50.3%)
854 (46.6%)
899 (41.8%)
677 (33.7%)
Non-Hispanic Black
1604 (22.0%)
206 (15.8%)
277 (15.1%)
492 (22.9%)
629 (31.3%)
Other race/ethnicity
958 (13.1%)
186 (14.2%)
282 (15.4%)
270 (12.6%)
220 (11.0%)
Education level (%)
<0.001
Less than high school
1309 (18.0%)
143 (11.0%)
283 (15.5%)
403 (18.8%)
480 (23.9%)
High school or GED
1651 (22.6%)
253 (19.8%)
371 (20.3%)
494 (23.0%)
533 (26.6%)
Above high school
4333 (59.4%)
910 (69.7%)
1177 (64.3%)
1252 (58.3%)
994 (49.5%)
The ratio of family income to poverty
2.6 ± 1.6
2.7 ± 1.7
2.7 ± 1.7
2.6 ± 1.6
2.5 ± 1.6
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
29.5 ± 7.2
26.9 ± 6.0
28.1 ± 6.5
29.5 ± 7.0
32.5 ± 7.8
<0.001
Energy intake (kcal)
2086.4 ± 842.9
2111.3 ± 863.1
2138.9 ± 868.2
2111.2 ± 850.4
1995.7 ± 790.0
<0.001
Protein intake (gm)
81.7 ± 36.5
82.6 ± 37.8
83.7 ± 39.3
82.0 ± 36.0
79.1 ± 33.4
<0.001
Carbohydrate intake (gm)
245.1 ± 107.3
247.4 ± 109.3
250.6 ± 109.3
249.2 ± 109.8
234.3 ± 100.6
<0.001
Dietary fiber intake (gm)
16.8 ± 9.5
16.7 ± 9.7
17.2 ± 10.3
17.0 ± 9.3
16.4 ± 8.7
0.253
Total fat intake (gm)
82.1 ± 39.2
81.0 ± 39.6
82.9 ± 39.8
83.1 ± 39.2
80.9 ± 38.3
0.152
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.9 ± 0.9
2.7 ± 0.8
2.9 ± 0.9
3.0 ± 0.9
2.8 ± 1.0
<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.4 ± 0.4
1.5 ± 0.5
1.5 ± 0.4
1.4 ± 0.4
1.3 ± 0.4
<0.001
TG (mmol/L)
1.3 ± 0.7
1.1 ± 0.7
1.1 ± 0.7
1.3 ± 0.7
1.5 ± 0.8
<0.001
TCHO (mmol/L)
4.8 ± 1.1
4.7 ± 1.0
4.9 ± 1.0
5.0 ± 1.1
4.8 ± 1.2
<0.001
Albumin, urine (mg/L)
46.7 ± 281.3
30.5 ± 225.0
19.9 ± 85.7
33.1 ± 232.6
96.4 ± 431.9
<0.001
Creatinine, urine (μmol/L)
11575.3 ± 7113.9
11679.9 ± 7502.7
11567.5 ± 7357.4
11550.8 ± 7110.4
11540.5 ± 6619.2
0.711
Albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g)
42.7 ± 277.1
28.3 ± 188.5
17.2 ± 74.5
30.1 ± 247.9
89.0 ± 426.8
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
123.4 ± 18.0
117.4 ± 15.5
118.8 ± 15.9
124.7 ± 18.2
129.9 ± 18.6
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
71.0 ± 12.5
69.78 ± 11.4
70.66 ± 11.7
71.63 ± 12.1
71.50 ± 14.1
<0.001
Heavy alcohol consumption
0.008
Yes
1197 (16.4%)
198 (15.2%)
264 (14.4%)
374 (17.4%)
361 (18.0%)
No
6096(83.6%)
1108 (84.8%)
1567 (85.6%)
1775 (82.6%)
1646 (82.0%)
Smoking status
<0.001
Yes
3523 (48.3%)
537 (41.1%)
822 (44.9%)
1083 (50.4%)
1081 (53.9%)
No
3770 (51.7%)
769 (58.9%)
1009 (55.1%)
1066 (49.6%)
926 (46.1%)
Minutes sedentary activity (minute)
369.0 ± 202.0
381.4 ± 199.0
371.1 ± 202.1
354.6 ± 197.6
374.3 ± 207.6
<0.001
Mean ± SD for continuous variables: the value was calculated by the weighted linear regression model. Percentage (%) for categorical variables: the value was calculated by the weighted chi-square test. HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TCHO, total cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
