Prevalence of Hypogonadism and Associated Risk Factors among Newly Diagnosed ART Naïve HIV-Infected Males in Mwanza, Tanzania
Table 3
Factors associated with hypogonadism among newly diagnosed ART naïve HIV-infected adult males.
Factor/variable
Hypogonadism
Univariate
Multivariate
Yes n(%)
No n(%)
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)
value
Age (years)
18–30
23 (41.8)
32 (58.2)
1.0
1.0
31–45
95 (41.7)
133 (58.3)
1.0 (0.5–1.8)
0.984
0.8 (0.5–1.6)
0.598
>46
68 (64.8)
37 (35.2)
2.6 (1.3 5.0)
0.006
2.3 (1.1–4.6)
0.023
BMI
18.5–24.9
131 (47.3)
146 (52.7)
1.0
1.0
<18.5
32 (57.1)
24 (42.9)
1.5 (0.8–2.7)
0.180
1.1 (0.6–2.0)
0.819
25–29.9
21 (41.2)
30 (58 0.8)
0.8 (0.4–1.4)
0.422
0.8 (0.4–1.6)
0.515
≥30 9
2 (50.0)
2 (50.0)
1.1 (0.2–8.0)
0.914
1.7 (0.2–13.6)
0.607
Waist circumference
81–93
81 (50.0)
81 (50.0)
1.0
<81
96 (44.9)
118 (55.1)
0.8 (0.5–1.2)
0.323
—
—
94–115
9 (75.0)
3 (25.0)
3.0 (0.8–11.5)
0.109
—
—
Marital status
Married
121 (49.0)
126 (51.0)
1.0
Single
39 (45.4)
47 (54.6)
0.9 (0.5–1.4)
0.561
—
—
Divorced
26 (47.3)
29 (52.7)
0.9 (0.5–1.7)
0.818
—
—
Herbal medicine use
No
104 (40.0)
156 (60.0)
1.0
1.0
Yes
82 (64.1)
46 (35.9)
2.7 (1.7–4.1)
<0.001
2.4 (1.5–3.9)
<0.001
CD4+ count
>350
41 (36.9)
70 (63.1)
1.0
<200
43 (53.7)
37 (46.3)
2.0 (1.1–3.6)
0.022
—
—
200–350
42 (49.4)
43 (50.6)
1.7 (0.9–3.0)
0.081
—
—
Clinical stage
Stage 1
97 (39.4)
149 (60.6)
1.0
1.0
Stage 2
30 (51.7)
28 (48.3)
1.6 (0.9–2.9)
0.089
1.7 (0.9–3.1)
0.081
Stage 3
44 (71.0)
18 (29.0)
3.8 (2.1–6.9)
<0.001
2.7 (1.4–5.2)
0.003
Stage 4
15 (68.2)
7 (31.8)
3.3 (1.3–8.4)
0.012
2.5 (0.9–6.6)
0.072
Decrease libido
No
93 (54.4)
124 (45.6)
1.0
Yes
93 (42.9)
78 (57.1)
1.6 (1.1–2.4)
0.024
—
—
Erectile dysfunction
No
155 (47.1)
174 (52.9)
1.0
Yes
31 (52.5)
28 (47.5)
1.2 (0.7–2.2)
0.443
—
—
Depression
No
111 (47.4)
123 (52.6)
1.0
Yes
75 (48.7)
79 (51.3)
1.1 (0.7–1.6)
0.807
Weight loss
No
39 (36.4)
68 (63.6)
1.0
1.0
Yes
147 (52.3)
134 (47.7)
1.9 (1.2–3.0)
0.006
1.8 (1.1–3.0)
0.016
Fatigue
No
41 (45.1)
50 (54.9)
1.0
Yes
152 (51.2)
145 (48.8)
1.2 (0.7–1.9)
0.529
—
—
Breast enlargement
No
184 (47.8)
201 (52.2)
1.0
Yes
2 (66.7)
1 (33.3)
2.2 (0.2–24.3)
0.525
—
—
These factors were not subjected to multivariate logistic regression analysis because of collinearity with WHO clinical stage and age, respectively (N = 388).
