Graphene: A Rising Star on the Horizon of Materials Science

Table 2

Various methods employed for the synthesis of graphene.

Synthetic protocol	Yield	Reference
Micromechanical cleavage (Scotch-tape method)	Low	Novoselov et al. [3]
Unzipping of carbon nanotubes (mechanical and electrochemical unzipping)	Moderate	Kosynkin et al. [9], Shinde et al. [10]
Chemical exfoliation of graphite (graphite intercalation compound)	Moderate	Li et al. [11], Tung et al. [12]
Solvothermal synthesis	Moderate	Choucair et al. [13]
Bottom-up organic synthesis	High	Yang et al. [14]
Liquid-phase exfoliation; of graphite	High	Hernandez et al. [15]
Chemical vapour deposition (CVD)	High	Reina et al. [16]
Thermal decomposition of SiC	High	Emtsev et al. [17]
Chemical reduction of graphene oxide obtained from graphite oxide by various reducing agents	High	[18–23]
Microwave, laser, plasmas, sonochemical, hydrothermal, and photochemical techniques	Moderate	[24–29]
Electrochemical method	High	[30–32]
Ionic liquid assisted electrochemical synthetic protocol	Moderate	Liu et al. [33]
Synthesis of graphene from precursors such as food, waste, and insect	High	Ruan et al. [34]