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| Need to address causes of deforestation and forest degradation includes the following | |
| (i) Cutting of trees for supply of energy mainly as firewood and charcoal for domestic purposes and use of firewood for agriculture and rural industries | |
| (ii) Cutting of trees for production of poles, wood for carvings, and sawn wood for local use and for export | |
| (iii) Uncontrolled wild fires mainly in miombo woodlands | |
| (iv) Overgrazing in forest areas, mainly during the dry season | |
| (v) Shifting cultivation in miombo woodlands | |
| (vi) Extensive clearing of unreserved forest land for establishment of agriculture and livestock farms | |
| (vii) Clearing of forested land (reserved and unreserved forests) for mining | |
| (viii) Clearing of forested land (reserved and unreserved forests) for settlement | |
| Local livelihoods aspects to be addressed in Tanzania include the following | |
| (i) Macroeconomic, political, and social aspects such as poverty, unsustainable production and consumptions pattern, and ill-defined and implemented structural adjustment programmes | |
| (ii) Institutional and social weakness such as lack of good governance, lack of secure land tenure and uneven distribution of ownership, lack of institutional, technical, and scientific capacity, lack of scientific knowledge, and little or no use of local knowledge and skills on management of natural resources | |
| (iii) Market and economic policy failures such as undervaluation of forest services and products | |
| (iv) Policy failure, such as ill-defined development programmes, ill-defined or unforced regulatory mechanism, and lack of clear environmental policies and agricultural practices. | |
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*Both issues are interlinked with economic, social, and political aspects at local, national, and global levels. | |
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