Effects of Deer Grazing on Vegetation and Ground-Dwelling Insects in a Larch Forest in Okutama, Western Tokyo

Table 3

Mean values of biomass indices^* of undergrowth plants appearing in five 2 m × 2 m plots inside and outside the deer exclosure at Okutama, western Tokyo.

	Growth from^**	Palatability	Inside	Presentage		Outside	Presentage	Abundant on
Pterostyrax  hispida	l	U	400	0.07	<	18400	46.83	Outside
Cynanchum  caudatum	t	U	40	0.01	<	13860	35.28	Outside
Viola  sieboldii	r		0	—	<	40	0.10	Outside
Athyrium  yokoscense	fe		0	—	<	40	0.10	Outside
Betula  ermanii	t		0	—	<	20	0.05	Outside
Viola  eizanensis	r		0	—	<	10	0.03	Outside
Swida  macrophylla	t		0	—	<	10	0.03	Outside
Carex  conica	g		0	—	<	10	0.03	Outside
Festuca  rubra	g		47500	8.41		4200	10.69	Both sides
Carex  leucochlora	g		1000	0.71		2000	5.09	Both sides
Agrostis  clavata	g		200	0.04		420	1.07	Both sides
Viola  grypoceras	r		30	0.01		50	0.13	Both sides
Schizophragma  hydrangeoides	l		20	0.00		20	0.05	Both sides
Aralia  elata	sh	U	160000	28.33	>	0	—	Inside
Hydrangea  paniculata	l		112000	19.83	>	0	—	Inside
Callicarpa  japonica	sh		94000	16.65	>	10	+	Inside
Symplocos  sawafutagi	t		60000	10.62	>	0	—	Inside
Clethra  barbinervis	t		50420	8.93	>	200	0.51	Inside
Cerasus  jamasakura	t		12000	2.12	>	0	—	Inside
Rubus  crataegifolius	sh		6000	1.06	>	0	—	Inside
Carpinus  cordata	t		6000	1.06	>	0	—	Inside
Aralia  cordata	sh		5000	0.89	>	0	—	Inside
Actinidia  polygama	l		2440	0.43	>	0	—	Inside
Vitis  coignetiae	l		1000	0.18	>	0	—	Inside
Celastrus  orbiculatus	l		800	0.14	>	0	—	Inside
Carex  curvivicollis	g		800	0.14	>	0	—	Inside
Chamaecyparis  obtusa	t		800	0.14	>	0	—	Inside
Fraxinus  lanuginosa	t		400	0.07	>	0	—	Inside
Rubus  palmatus	sh		400	0.07	>	0	—	Inside
Tilia  japonica	t		200	0.04	>	0	—	Inside
Clematis  apiifolia	l		200	0.04	>	0	—	Inside
Carex  alopecuroides	g		20	+	>	0	—	Inside
Quercus  crispula	t		20	+	>	0	—	Inside
Clinopodium  multicaule	e		20	+	>	0	—	Inside
Total			564.710	100		39.290	100

Biomass index^* = cover (cm²) × height (cm). Growth form^**: e: erect, fe: fern, g: graminoid, l: liane, r: rosette, sh: shrub, and t: tree. Palatability: U: unpalatable. +: < 0.1%.