Enhancing Ecologically Sustainable Management of Deadwood in Kenya’s Natural Forests

Table 3

Forest management approaches with relevance to deadwood management.

Forest management approach	Naturalness	Tree improvement	Type of regeneration	Integration of nature protection	Tree removal	Final harvest	Maturity
Passive unmanaged nature reserve	Natural vegetation	None	Natural regeneration/succession	High	None	None	No intervention
Low close-to-nature forestry	Native site adapted	No genetic modification or tree breeding	Natural regeneration or planting	High	Stem	Single stem or group selection, irregular shelterwood	Long rotation (MAI)
Medium combined objective forestry	Tree species suitable for site	Planting material from tree breeding but not genetically modified	Natural regeneration, planting, and seeding	High	Stem and crown	All possible seed trees, strip, or group shelterwood	Long rotation (MAI)
High intensive even-aged forestry	Tree species suitable for site	Tree breeding allowed, no genetic modifications	Natural regeneration, planting, and seeding	Medium	Whole tree	All possible clear-cut, long rotation preferable	Short rotation (financial rotation)
Intensive short rotation forestry	Any species	Tree breeding and genetic modification used	Planting, seeding, and coppicing	Low	Whole tree and residuals	All possible (coppice clear-cut)	Short rotation (financial rotation)

Source: adopted from Wambugu et al. [24].