Influence of Elevation and Anthropogenic Disturbance on Woody Species Composition, Diversity, and Stand Structure in Harego Mountain Forest, Northeastern Ethiopia

Table 4

The mean (mean ± SE) richness, abundance, and diversity indices of woody species in the three elevational gradients of Harego Mountain Forest.

Species diversity	Lower (24)	Middle (33)	Upper (10)	Overall (67)	F
	Mean ± SE	Mean	Mean	Mean
Hill’s N0	10.25^a ± 0.66	11.39^a ± 0.64	14.00^b ± 1.55	11.37 ± 0.47	3.601	0.033
Abundance	114.71^a ± 11.82	207.36^b ± 16.49	219.8^b ± 11.19	176.03 ± 11.19	11.008	<0.001
Simpson (λ)	0.83^a ± 0.01	0.81^a ± 0.02	0.88^b ± 0.01	0.83 ± 0.01	4.019	0.014
Shannon (H′)	2.00^a ± 0.06	1.98^a ± 0.07	2.31^b ± 0.06	2.04 ± 0.04	3.781	0.028
Equitability (J)	0.88^b ± 0.01	0.83^a ± 0.02	0.89^b ± 0.01	0.86 ± 0.01	3.087	0.052
Hill’s E1	0.77^b ± 0.02	0.69^a ± 0.02	0.76^b ± 0.03	0.73 ± 0.02	3.150	0.040
Hill’s N1	7.73^a ± 0.46	7.70^a ± 0.39	10.24^b ± 0.72	8.09 ± 0.29	5.264	0.008
Hill’s N2	6.41^a ± 0.40	6.27^a ± 0.32	8.37^b ± 0.37	6.63 ± 0.23	5.538	0.006
Fisher alpha	2.88^a ± 0.16	2.67^a ± 0.17	3.38^b ± 0.41	2.85 ± 0.12	4.098	0.013
Chao-1	9.79^a ± 0.64	12.91^b ± 0.85	11.50^ab ± 0.78	11.58 ± 0.52	4.121	0.021

Values represented with different letters revealed significant difference at 0.05 level of significance tests. The plus-minus (±) sign used to separate standard error from the value of mean. Hill’s N0 stands for species richness (observed), Hill’s E1 stands for true evenness, Hill’s N1 stands for true Shannon, Hill’s N2 stands for true Simpson, and Chao-1 stands for species richness (observed plus undetected).