Review Article

Alternative Mechanisms to Initiate Translation in Eukaryotic mRNAs

Table 1

Distribution of IRES elements in viral mRNAs.

HostVirus family/genusVirus/IRES nameReference

MammalsPicornaviridae/EnterovirusPoliovirus (PV)[15]
Picornaviridae/CardiovirusEncephalomyelitis virus (EMCV)[16]
Picornaviridae/AphthovirusFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)[17]
Picornaviridae/TeschovirusPorcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1)[18]
Picornaviridae/KobuvirusAichivirus (AiV)[19]
Picornaviridae/SenecavirusSeneca Valley virus (SVV)[20]
Flaviviridae/HepacivirusHepatitis C virus (HCV)[21]
Flaviviridae/PestivirusClassical swine fever virus (CSFV)[22]
Retroviridae/LentivirusHuman immunodeficiency virus-2 (HIV-2)[23]
Retroviridae/LentivirusHuman immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)[24]
Retroviridae/RetrovirusMoloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)[25]
Retroviridae/LentivirusFeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)[26]
Retroviridae/RetrovirusMouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)[27]
Herpesviridae/CytomegalovirusHuman cytomegalovirus latency (pUL138)[42]
Herpesv./LymphocryptovirusEpstein-Barr virus (EBNA-1)[44]
Herpesv./MardivirusHerpes virus Marek’s disease (MDV RLORF9)[45]
Papovaviridae/PolyomavirusSV40 polycistronic 19S (SV40 19S)[43]

InsectsDicistroviridae/CripavirusRhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV)[28]
Dicistroviridae/CripavirusCricket paralysis virus (CrPV)[29]
Dicistroviridae/CripavirusEctropis obliqua picorna-like virus (EoPV)[31]
Dicistroviridae/CripavirusPlautia stali intestine virus (PSIV)[32]
Dicistroviridae/CripavirusTriatoma virus (TrV)[33]
Dicistroviridae/AparavirusBee paralysis dicistrovirus (IAPV, KBV)[30]

PlantsComoviridae/NepovirusBlack currant reversion virus (BRV)[34]
Tombusviridae/Carmovirus Pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV)[35]
Tombusviridae/CarmovirusHibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV)[38]
TobamovirusCrucifer-infecting tobamovirus (CrTMV)[36]
Luteoviridae/PolerovirusPotato leaf roll polerovirus (PLRV)[37]
Potyviridae/PotyvirusTobacco etch virus (TEV)[39]

ProtozoaTotiviridae/GiardiavirusGiardiavirus (GLV)[40]
Totiviridae/LeishmaniavirusLeishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV-1)[41]