Pharmacogenomics and Opioid Analgesics: Clinical Implications

Table 1

Case reports providing evidence on the impact of polymorphisms of metabolizing enzymes on the safety of codeine.

Author	Metabolizing enzyme	Polymorphism	Adverse event
Gasche et al., 2004 [21]	CYP2D6	CYP2D61 × 3, in a patient suffering from renal insufficiency and cotreated with CYP3A4 inhibitors	Life-threatening intoxication
Voronov et al., 2007 [23]	CYP2D6	CYP2D6 × 2	Apnea and brain injury
Madadi et al., 2007 [24]	CYP2D6	CYP2D62A and CYP2D62 × 2	Death of the breastfed 13-day-old boy
Ciszkowski et al., 2009 [22]	CYP2D6	CYP2D61 × N	Death due to respiratory arrest
Kelly et al., 2012 [26]	CYP2D6	CYP2D61 × N	Two deaths, one case of severe respiratory depression