A Comparison Effect of Copper Nanoparticles versus Copper Sulphate on Juvenile Epinephelus coioides: Growth Parameters, Digestive Enzymes, Body Composition, and Histology as Biomarkers

Table 1

Effect of Cu-NPs and CuSO₄ on weight gain rate (WG, %), specific growth rate (SGR % d⁻¹), food conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of juvenile Epinephelus coioides after 25-day exposure.

	Control	20 μg Cu L^−1; as CuSO4	20 μg Cu L^−1; as Cu-NPs	100 μg Cu L^−1; as CuSO4	100 μg Cu L^−1; as Cu-NPs
WG (%)	105.34 ± 5.16^a	81.25 ± 5.41^b	92.19 ± 4.69^b	47.66 ± 1.97^d	59.38 ± 2.55^c
SGR % d^−1	2.94 ± 0.12^a	2.40 ± 0.17^b	2.71 ± 0.13^ab	1.60 ± 0.06^d	1.93 ± 0.09^c
FCR	37.31 ± 1.85^d	48.51 ± 3.25^c	42.48 ± 2.16^cd	82.37 ± 3.26^a	66.16 ± 2.87^b
PER	1.61 ± 0.08^a	1.24 ± 0.08^b	1.41 ± 0.07^ab	0.73 ± 0.03^c	0.91 ± 0.04^c

Data are means ± S.E.M (n = 3). Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among treatments were indicated by different letters in each row.