International Journal of Genomics

Research Article

Haplotypes for Type, Degree, and Rate of Marbling in Cattle Are Syntenic with Human Muscular Dystrophy

Table 1

Candidate genes at c19 35 Mb to 55 Mb with reported associations with fatty acid composition.


Gene	Reference	Effect on intramuscular fatty acid composition in beef cattle muscle tissues

SREBF1	[37]	In Japanese black cattle: S allele associated higher MUFA and 1.6°C lower T_m of IMF.
	[38]	In Korean Hanwoo cattle: SS alleles IMF stearic acid (C18:0) lower than LL () but linoleic and PUFA contents higher in SS compared to LL ().
	[39]	In Japanese black cattle: no associations with fatty acid composition or meat yield traits.
	[40]	Canadian crossbred steers S/L polymorphism associated with 9c C17:1 ().
	[41]	Simmental bulls, snow dragon black: LL higher palmitic acid (C16:1), triglycerides, and C16 index but lower stearic acid (C18:0) and SFA compared with the LS genotype ().

TCAP	[42]	In Korean Hanwoo cattle: a 6 bp Leu-Gln deletion as well as SNP in intron 1 associates with marbling score (, , resp.).

GH	[43]	In Japanese black cattle: A allele associated low T_m fat; allele B gave higher % C18:1 IMF (); allele C gave higher C18:1 MUFA, higher USFA & (). Allele C also gave lower % saturated fatty acid (SFA), a higher MUFA/SFA ratio, and lower T_m of fat ().
GH	[39]	GH L127V polymorphism (A/B Ardiyanti et al. 2009) claimed association with IMF fatty acid composition, but not as strong as FASN, SCD or SREBF1.

UTS2R	[44]	Japanese black 7 Holstein cattle: Reported differential association between breeds with marbling and non-synonymous SNP in coding region.

FASN	[45]	Angus bulls: SNP coding region g.17924A>G (as GG genotype) associated FA composition – lower myristic acid (C14:0 ), palmitic acid (C16:0 ) and total saturated FA (P < 0.01) in total lipids and TAG than g.17924AA genotype.
	[46]	Japanese black x Limousin F2 exon 34 SNPs (g.16024A>G (T1950A), g.16039T>C (W1955R). TW changes together increase C18:0, C18:1 content, increase MUFA:SFA ratio.
	[38]	Korean Hanwoo cattle: g17924G>A SNP as GG genotype with higher Oleic Acid (C18:1) palmitic acid (C16:0).
	[48]	GWAS Oleic Acid signal g.16024A>G.
	[49]	GWAS reveal significant SNP signals associated FA composition near FASN gene. Confirms Uemoto et al. 2011.
	[39]	Japanese black cattle: significant effects on C14:0, C14:1, C18:0, oleic acid C18:1 and MUFA (all ).
	[47]	Hanwoo Korean cattle: all 5 known exonic SNPs associated with FA composition IMF and marbling score.
	[50]	Angus cattle: GWAS 51st Mb window on c19 harboring FASN associated with FA composition of IMF.
	[51]	Japanese black cattle: seven known SNPs. Promoter g.841G>C-improved FA composition IMF.
	[52]	Fleckvieh bulls:known FASN SNP significant associations C14:0, C16:0, and C18:1n-9 in IMF.
	[53]	Canadian study: GWAS, same bead chip as Uemoto et al. 2011 “markers have large effects near FASN and SCD.”
	[54]	Angus, Hereford, Limousin crossbreds: g.16024A>G SNP. AG genotype with higher IMF than GG genotype.

SREBF1—transcription factor that regulates gene expression levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) leading predominantly to monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid C18:1n = 9 in intramuscular fat (IMF); TCAP—titin-cap or Telethonin, interacts with titin-cap structure and regulates, by inhibition, myostatin hormone secretion; GH1—growth hormone; UTS2R—urotensin 2 receptor; FASN—fatty acid synthetase.