|
| Authors | Year | Toxicants | Type and subject | Assessments | Findings |
|
| Maternal smoking |
| Kakbrenner et al. [133] | 2012 | Prenatal maternal smoking | Case-cohort study of 633,989
children from parts of 11
U.S states | ASD was based on surveillance
program of the Autism and
Developmental Disabilities
Monitoring Network | Maternal smoking may not associate
with ASD but may differ by ASD
subgroup |
| Tran et al. [151] | 2013 | Maternal smoking during
pregnancy | Finnish cohort study including
4019 ASD cases and 16,123
controls | Medical registry | Maternal smoking during the
whole pregnancy was associated
with an increased risk for pervasive
developmental disorder (OR = 1.2,
95%CI: 1.0–1.5) |
| Zhu et al. [131] | 2014 | Paternal smoking and
nicotine replacement use
in pregnancy | 84,803 Danish singletons, 50,870
children participated in the
7-year follow-up | Self-report; also observed for
nicotine substitutes; ADHD
was based on medical diagnosis
and questionnaires | Children born to smoking or nicotine
replacement usage mother and
nonsmoking father have higher risk
for ADHD compared to children born
to smoking father and nonsmoking
mother (adjusted hazard ratio
HR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1. 36–1.94 and 2.28,
95%CI: 1.48–3.51 compared to 1.29,
95%CI: 1.14–1.47, resp.); children born to
stop smoking mother and smoking father
also increased risk of ADHD (HR = 1.70,
95%CI: 1.38–2.10; both maternal and
paternal smoking during pregnancy
associated with an elevated risk for
ADHD, maternal smoking have more
important effect |
| Melchior et al. [129] | 2015 | Maternal tobacco smoking
in pregnancy | 1113 families in France since
pregnancy in 2003–2005 until
the child’s 5th birthday | Self-report; data collection
at pregnancy, birth, 4, 8, 12, 24,
and 36 months, and 5 years | Maternal smoking predicted high
symptoms of hyperactivity or
inattention OR = 1.95, 95%CI: 1.13–3.38
(in the 1st trimester); OR = 2.11, 95%CI:
1.36–3.27; (throughout pregnancy);
maternal smoking throughout
pregnancy have elevated level of
hyperactivity or inattention OR = 2.20,
95%CI: 1.21–4.00; the dose of smoking showed a trend to associate with
children’s levels of hyperactivity or
inattention OR = 1.49, 95%CI: 0.52–4.21
and 1.64, 95%CI: 0.53–4.64 for less than
and equal to or higher than 10 cigarettes/
day, respectively |
| Tang et al. [134] | 2015 | Maternal smoking during
pregnancy | Meta-analysis of 6 cohort and 9 case-control studies | | No association between maternal smoking
during pregnancy and ASD (pooled
OR = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.93–1.13) |
| Joelsson et al. [130] | 2016 | Prenatal smoking exposure | Finnish cohort study of
10,409 ADHD cases and
40,141 controls | Self-report | Maternal smoking increased the odds for
ADHD compared to entire samples when
adjusted for confounder (OR = 1.73,
95%CI: 1.62–1.84); maternal smoking
only in the first trimester or after the first
trimester increased odds for ADHD,
although smoking only in the first trimester
had a lower risk (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.03–1.50
in only the first trimester compared to
OR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.68–1.82 in group
smoking after first trimester) |
| Browne et al. [132] | 2016 | Prenatal maternal smoking | Women early in pregnancy
from 1996–2002, follow-up
to when the child was 15
year old | Self-report and psychiatric
diagnoses | Heavy maternal smoking (>10 cigarettes/day)
increased risk for Tourette syndrome and
chronic tic disorders; heavy maternal
smoking also increased risk for Tourette
syndrome comorbid with ADHD |
|
| BPA and phthalates |
| Braun et al. [135] | 2011 | Gestational and childhood
BPA exposure | 244 mothers and their
3-year-old children | Spot urine samples; mother:
twice during 16 and 26 weeks
of gestation, and within 24 h
after birth; child: 1, 2, and 3
years of age | Gestational BPA concentration were
associated with higher anxiety,
hyperactivity, and depression scale
score; especially greater among girls
at 3 years of age |
| Pepera et al. [137] | 2012 | Prenatal BPA exposure | 198 African-American and
Dominican mother and
children pairs | Spot urine sample for mother
during pregnancy and for child
between 3 and 4 years old | In boys, high BPA concentration had
higher scores on emotionally reactive
and aggressive behavior (OR = 1.62,
95%CI: 1.12–2.32 and 1.29, 95%CI:
1.09–1.53, resp.); in girls, high BPA
concentration had lower scores on
emotionally reactive and aggressive
behavior (OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.51–1.07
and 0.82, 95%CI: 0.70–0.97, resp.) |
| Evans et al. [136] | 2014 | Prenatal BPA exposure | 153 mother-child pairs (children
were 6 to 10 years old) | Maternal urine spot sample in
the mean 26.6 weeks of gestation | Higher prenatal BPA concentration
increased scores in some behaviors
including ADHD or conduct disorders;
the effect of BPA was worse in boys
than in girls |
| Roen et al. [138] | 2015 | Prenatal BPA exposure | 250 mothers and children | Spot urine sample for mother in
the third trimester and for child
between 3 and 5 years old | In boys, high BPA concentration were
associated with higher behavioral
symptom scores; when in girls, high BPA
concentration were associated with lower
behavioral symptom scores |
| Casas et al. [139] | 2015 | Prenatal BPA exposure | 438 mother-child pairs
(children followed up
to 7 years old) | Spot urine samples in
the 1st and 3rd trimesters | Prenatal PBA exposure was associated
with increasing inattention symptoms
in boys when decreasing inattention
symptoms in girls |
| Polanska et al. [140] | 2014 | Prenatal and postnatal phthalate
exposure | 165 children in the Polish
Mother and Child Cohort study | Phthalate levels in the urine | Prenatal phthalate exposure inversely
correlated with child psychomotor
development such as cognitive, language,
and motor abilities |
| Ejaredar et al. [152] | 2015 | Prenatal exposure to phthalates | Systematic review of 11 articles | | Prenatal exposure to phthalates is
associated with adverse cognitive and
behavioral outcomes in children from
0 to 12 years old, including lower IQ, and
problems with attention, hyperactivity,
and poorer social communication |
| Lien et al. [141] | 2015 | Prenatal phthalate exposure | 122 mother-child pairs in
Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort study | Mother: urine samples
in the 3rd trimester; child:
urine samples at 8-9 years of age | Higher concentration of DBP and DEHP
in maternal urine samples were
associated with externalizing disorders |
| Minatoya et al. [142] | 2016 | Prenatal phthalate exposure | 224 participants (infants at
6 and 18 months of age) | Maternal blood MEHP
concentration at 23–35
weeks of gestation | Prenatal DEHP exposure showed no
changes in infant thyroid hormone level
and had no adverse effects on infant
neurodevelopment |
|
| POPs |
| Strom et al. [143] | 2014 | Maternal exposure to PCBs
and POPs | 876 mother-child pairs in
Danish cohort study | Maternal serum at 3rd
trimester | No relationship between POPs and child
neurodevelopment |
| Neugebauer et al. [146] | 2015 | Prenatal and postnatal exposure to
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
and furans (PCDD/Fs), PCB,
and lead | 117 children | Maternal blood at 32 weeks of
gestation and 1st week of
breastfeeding | Prenatal exposure to PCDD/F and PCB
significantly associated with attention
performance in healthy children, whereas
ADHD-related behavior remained unchanged |
| Kiriklaki et al. [144] | 2016 | Prenatal exposure to POPs | 689 mother-child pairs in a
Greece cohort study | Maternal serum in 2nd
trimester of gestation | Prenatal exposure to POPs may be
related to reduce cognitive but not to
child behavioral difficulties |
| Oulhote et al. [145] | 2016 | Prenatal and postnatal exposure
to POPs | 656 children in Faroese cohort | Maternal serum at week
32 of gestation; child
serum at age 5 and 7 | Prenatal exposure to POPs had no
association with behavioral difficulties
in child; however, high serum PFAS
concentration at ages 5 and 7 was
related to behavioral problems |
| Goudarzi et al. [147] | 2016 | Prenatal exposure to PFOS
and PFOA | 428 mother-infant pairs | Maternal serum PFOS and PFOA
concentrations | Prenatal PFOA exposure had negative
effects on female infants at 6 months of
age but not at 18 months of age.
Prenatal PFOS exposure was not
associated with neurodevelopmental
scores |
|
| Heavy metals |
Rodríguez-Barranco
et al. [148] | 2013 | Arsenic, cadmium, and manganese exposure | Meta-analysis | | Increase of arsenic and manganese
concentrations were associated with
lower IQ, and exposure to manganese
increases the risk of ADHD |
| Liu et al. [149] | 2014 | Postnatal lead exposure | 1341 children | Lead: blood concentration
at 3, 4, and 5 years of age | Higher blood lead concentration is
associated with increase DSM-IV
pervasive developmental problems |
| Rodrigues et al. [150] | 2016 | Postnatal lead exposure, prenatal and postnatal arsenic and
manganese exposure | 524 children in Bangladesh | Lead: blood concentration;
arsenic and manganese: water
concentration | There are relationships between higher
blood lead concentration and water
arsenic or manganese concentration
with decrease cognitive scores |
|
