|
| Reference | Year | Environmental toxicants | Subjects | Findings |
|
| Smoking |
| Maccani et al. [166] | 2010 | Maternal cigarette smoking | 25 human placentas | Downregulation of miR-16, miR-21,
and miR-146a |
| Toledo-Rodriguez et al. [158] | 2010 | Maternal cigarette smoking | 156 adolescents | Hypermethylation at promoter 6 of BDNF
gene and 5′ UTR |
| Flom et al. [161] | 2011 | Prenatal tobacco smoke | 90 women | Demethylation at Sat2 repetitive elements |
| Suter et al. [159] | 2011 | Maternal smoking | 36 placental samples | Changes in genome wide placental DNA
methylation |
| Novakovic et al. [164] | 2014 | Maternal smoking | Cord blood mononuclear cells,
buccal epithelia, and placentas | Induced hypomethylation at aryl hydrocarbon
receptor repressor (AHRR) gene with
differences between
tissue and maintenance at 18 months of age |
| Stroud et al. [160] | 2016 | Maternal smoking during
pregnancy | 45 mother-infant pairs age 18–35 | Demethylation at CpG3 and CpG4 of placental
NR3C1 promoter revealed that monozygotic
twins are generally more similar in their
DNA methylation level than dizygotic twins |
|
| BPA and phthalates |
| Avissar-Whiting et al. [177] | 2010 | BPA treatment | Placental cell lines 3A, TCL-1,
and HTR-8 | Increase miR-146a |
| Kundakovic et al. [172] | 2013 | In utero BPA exposure | Cord blood samples | Sex-specific (males) hypermethylation at
BDNF promoter IV |
| Faulk et al. [174] | 2016 | Perinatal BPA exposure | Human and mouse liver samples | Hypomethylation at LINE-1 repetitive element
in human and mouse |
| LaRocca et al. [178] | 2016 | Prenatal phthalates exposure | Placentas | Decrease in miR-185 expression |
|
| POPs |
| Rusiecki et al. [181] | 2008 | Plasma POP concentration | Blood DNA of 70 Greenlandic Inuit | Increasing serum levels of POPs have a strong
correlation with global DNA hypomethylation as
assessed by Alu repetitive element |
| Kim et al. [182] | 2010 | Lipid-standardized
concentrations of POPs | Blood DNA of 86 healthy Koreans | Decrease DNA methylation in the Alu sequence
correlate with increase concentration of POPs |
| Mitchell et al. [185] | 2012 | Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) and polybrominated
diphenylethers (PBDEs) in
human postmortem brain | Human postmortem brain | PCB 95 was detected in 5/6 Dup15q postmortem brain
and may be related to hypomethylation of LINE-1
repetitive elements |
| Lind et al. [184] | 2013 | Lipid-standardized
concentrations of POPs | 524 70-year-old Swedish | Global DNA hypermethylation is associated with
high levels of POPs |
| Itoh et al. [183] | 2014 | Serum organochlorine level | Leukocyte DNA of 399 Japanese | Inverse association between global DNA methylation
and serum organochlorine level |
| Heavy metals |
| Kovatsi et al. [189] | 2009 | Lead blood concentration | 19 individuals (10 control and 9 exposed) | p16 promoter was partially methylated under low exposure
of lead and was fully methylated under high exposure of lead |
| Pilsner et al. [190] | 2009 | Prenatal lead exposure | 103 umbilical cord blood | Maternal lead exposure was associated with hypomethylation
of Alu and LINE-1 repetitive elements |
| Senut et al. [192] | 2014 | Lead | Human embryonic stem cells and
hESC-derived neurons | Global DNA methylation changes in differentiating hESCs
both hyper- and hypomethylated |
|
