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| Gene symbol | Biological function/pathways/gene family | Population | Associated trait(s) | Methodology/type of analysis | Reference |
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| BCL2, FOXO3, GNBa, ITGA4, PIK3AP1, PIK3CG, ATM, FOXO3, IL7R, STK4, AGPAT3, AGPAT5, GPD2, PGAT1 | PI3K-Akt signalling pathway
FoxO signalling pathway
Notch signalling pathway
Lipid metabolism | Pure-breed Arabian horses (Polish population) | General adaptation to effort during flat racing (whole body homeostasis) | Whole transcriptome seq.—RNA-seq (blood tissue) | Ropka-Molik et al., [19] |
| SLC16A1, FABP3, ME3, DNER, LMCD1, LMOD2, ANKRD2, SH3RF2, PPARA, ACTN2, ACAA2, LPL | Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, fatty acid degradation, PPAR signalling pathway, lactate metabolism | Pure-breed Arabian horses (Polish population) | General adaptation to effort during flat racing (muscle tissue remodeling, body homeostasis) | Whole transcriptome seq.—RNA-seq (muscle tissue) | Ropka-Molik et al., [18] |
| MCT1 (SLC16A1), CD147, PDK4, DMRT3 | Lactate transport and metabolism, glucose and fatty acid metabolism, limb movement regulation | Pure-breed Arabian | Possible association of PDK4 and energy production, DMRT3, and gait type | Sanger sequencing
ARMS-PCR, PCR-RFLP | Regatieri et al., [21] |
| SH3RF2 | Antiapoptotic regulator of the JNK pathway | Pure-breed Arabian horses (Polish population) | Flat racing performance (winning, number of starts) | Whole transcriptome seq.—RNA-seq, PCR-RFLP (muscle tissue) | Ropka-Molik et al., [23] |
| BGLAP, CTSK, TYROBP, PDLIM7, SLC9B2, TWSG1, NOTCH2, IL6ST, VAV3, NFATc1, CLEC5A, TXLNG, TCAP | Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, osteoclast differentiation, glycerophospholipid metabolism | Pure-breed Arabian horses (Polish population) | Potential bone turnover markers, bone homeostasis indicators | Whole transcriptome seq.—RNA-seq, qPCR | Stefaniuk-Szmukier et al., [25] |
| ACTN3 | The alpha-actin binding protein gene family structural component of sarcomeric Z line | Pure-breed Arabian horses (Polish population) | Potentially associated with flat racing performance | Whole transcriptome seq.—RNA-seq, qPCR (muscle tissue) | Ropka-Molik et al., [24] |
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