Exploring Host Genetic Polymorphisms Involved in SARS-CoV Infection Outcomes: Implications for Personalized Medicine in COVID-19

Table 1

List of relevant polymorphisms in genes implicated in the susceptibility and progression to SARS-CoV infection.

Gene	SNP	Risk/protective allele	Outcome	Frequency	Population	Reference
Mechanisms of entry of the virus into the cell
ACE1	Insertion/deletion (I/D)	D	Higher frequency of hypoxemia	0.33	Vietnamese	[18]
CD209	-336A>G	G	Lower blood levels of lactate-dehydrogenase (an independent prognostic indicator for severity of SARS-CoV infection)	0.10	Chinese	[47, 48]
CLEC4M	Tandem repeat domain in exon 4	Homozygotes	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.46	Chinese	[17]
Immune response/inflammation phenomena
ICAM-3	Asp143Gly	Gly	Higher lactate dehydrogenase levels and lower white blood cell counts	0.10-0.17	Chinese	[49, 50]
IFN-γ	+874 A/T	A	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.83	Chinese	[19, 20]
RANTES	-28C/G	G	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence and increased risk of death	0.21	Chinese	[20, 51]
OAS-1	A/G SNP in exon 3	G	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.48	Vietnamese	[22]
OAS-1	A/G SNP at the 3’UTR 347 locus of the exon 8	G	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.24	Chinese	[52]
MxA	-123C>A	A	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.11	Chinese	[21]
MxA	G/T SNP at position −88 in the promoter region	G	Higher frequency of hypoxemia	0.76-0.82	Chinese, Vietnamese	[21, 22]
MxA	G/T SNP at position −88 in the promoter region	GT genotype	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.73-0.81	Chinese	[52, 53]
IL-12 RB1	+1664 C/T	T	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.29	Chinese	[54]
FcgRIIa	H131R	R	Associated with a severe course of the disease (requiring treatment in an intensive care unit)	0.34	Chinese	[55]
MLB	Codon 54 variant (A/B)	B	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.34-0.35	Chinese	[56, 57]
CCL2	G-2518A	G	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.80	Chinese	[57]
AHSG	−799A/T	T	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.21	Chinese	[58]
TNF-α	-204	CT genotype	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence and increased risk of femoral head necrosis	0.05	Chinese	[23]
TNF-α	-308G/A	A	Increased risk of femoral head necrosis	0.06	Chinese	[23]
CD14	-159C/T	C	Associated with a severe course of the disease (requiring treatment in an intensive care unit)	0.31	Chinese	[24]
HLA-B	B0703	B0703	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.11	Chinese	[25]
HLA-DRB1	DRB10301	DRB10301	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.01	Chinese	[25]
HLA-B	B4601	B4601	Associated with severe cases of SARS-CoV infection (deceased or intubated patients)	0.60	Taiwanese	[26]
HLA-DRB4	DRB401010101	DRB401010101	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.51	Chinese	[59]
HLA-B	B1502	B1502	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.26	Chinese	[59]
HLA-DRB3	DRB3030101	DRB3030101	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.28	Chinese	[59]
HLA-DRB1	DRB11202	DRB11202	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.47	Vietnamese	[60]
HLA-Cw	Cw0801	Cw0801	Higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.23	Taiwanese	[27]
HLA-Cw	Cw1502	Cw1502	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.10	Taiwanese	[28]
HLA-DR	DR0301	DR0301	Lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection incidence	0.11	Taiwanese	[28]