Understanding the Integrated Pathways and Mechanisms of Transporters, Protein Kinases, and Transcription Factors in Plants under Salt Stress

Figure 2

Picture depicting different transporters and channels with functions responsible for ion homeostasis under salt stress. These transporters and channels are found on plasma membrane (PM), tonoplast (TP), and endomembranes (EM). homeostasis-related transporters/channels include voltage-dependent K⁺ channel, two-pore K⁺ channel (TPK), K⁺ uptake permease/high-affinity K⁺/K⁺ transporter (KUP/HAK/KT), and cation/H⁺ exchanger (CHX). Na⁺ homeostasis-related transporters/channels include Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger (NHX), salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1), and high-affinity K⁺ transporter (HKT). Ca²⁺-related transporters/channels include cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs), two-pore channels (TPCs), mechanosensitive channels (MCAs), and reduced hyperosmolality-induced Ca²⁺ increase channels (OSCAs).