Epigenetic Mechanisms of Paternal Stress in Offspring Development and Diseases

Table 1

Summary information of the relationship between environmental exposures, sperm epigenetic changes, genes, and offspring influence.

Species	Exposures	Epigenetic changes	Genes	Offspring influence	References
Human	War	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Anxiety, depression, commit suicide	[9, 10]
Human	Smoking	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Asthma	[11]
Human	Phthalate	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	The quality of blastocyst decreased	[12]
Human	Old	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Autism	[13, 14]
Human	Drinking	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Social psychological abnormality, neurocognitive development disorder	[15]
Rat	Endocrine disruptors	DNA methylation	LPLase	Fertility disorders	[66]
Mice	Nicotine		Dopamine receptors	Behavioral disorders	[67]
Mice	Early life stress		Protein kinase C	Cognitive impairment	[68]
Mice	Kdm1a overexpression	Histone modification	H3K4me3	Impaired development and survivability	[69, 70]
Rat	Cocaine		BDNF	Cocaine resistance phenotype	[71]
Rat	Hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride		PPAR-γ	Suppressing fibrogenesis	[72]
Mice	Microinjection of miR-124 RNA in the one-cell embryo		Sox9	The “giant” phenotype	[73]
Mice	Chronic variable stress	Small noncoding RNAs	miR-193-5p, miR-204, miR-29c, miR-30a, miR-30c, miR-32, miR-375, miR-532–3p, miR-698	Reduced HPA stress axis responsivity	[74, 75]
Mice	Early traumatic stress		miR-375-3p, miR-375-5p, miR-200b-3p, miR-672-5p, and miR-466-5p	Depressive-like behavior	[51]
Mice	High-fat diet		m5C and m2; G in tsRNA fraction (30-40 nt)	Metabolic abnormalities	[76]
Zebrafish	Chronic stress		12 miRNA clusters, 6 piRNA clusters, and 12 tsRNA clusters	Reduced alertness to danger	[77]