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| Observations | Modeling |
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| Ionospheric E, B fields changes [8, 51, 54, 89–101]. | SEME-waves generation ⇒ Lithospheric lowpass filter on ULF-HF-waves ⇒ ULF-ELF SEME-waves may reach the Earth surface and enter into near-Earth space [86, 98, 99, 102–109]. |
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| Ionospheric plasma temperature and density changes TEC. Decrease at the ionospheric F2 peak f0F2 [110–112]. | ULF-ELF SEME-waves-Ionospheric plasma interaction mechanisms [71, 103, 113, 114]. |
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SEME-waves.
Van Allen radiation belt particle precipitation. PBs (Particle Bursts) [8, 18, 48–50, 53, 115–118]. | Alfven-wave radiation (from DC to some hundred Hz) propagates along the geomagnetic field lines ⇒ Resonant wave-particle interaction at the radiation belt boundary with trapped electrons and protons from a few MeV to several tens of MeV ⇒ Particle precipitation as a result of pitch angle diffusion [7, 8, 50, 51, 92, 119]. |
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| Variations in the atmospheric conductivity profiles [98, 99]. | Fair weather currents [98].
Modification of spectral content of ELF-VLF radio noise during lightning discharges [99]. |
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| ULF SEME-waves and VLF SEME-waves from Satellite Intercosmos-24 [89]. | ULF emissions of 0.2 nT penetrate through the ionosphere ⇒ cyclotron interaction with protons of 0.5–5 MeV near the magnetic equatorial plane ⇒ Proton distribution function becomes unstable for the Cherenkov VLF radiation of 0.1–20 kHz [119]. |
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Amplitude and phase variations of radio-signal propagating in the earth-ionosphere wave guide).
Disturbances in Omega and Loran VLF radio-waves propagation [120–122]. | Abnormal ionisation in the lower ionosphere [121]. |
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| Short-term electric field strength attenuation of the Radio Monte Carlo (RMC) LF radio-signal [26]. | Tropospheric radio defocusing mechanisms [26]. |
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| Atmospheric anomalies caused by VHF SEME-waves [123]. | Significant enhancement of VHF EM-waves beyond line-of-sight [123]. |
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