Stratification of the Low-Latitude and Near-Equatorial F2 Layer, Topside Ionization Ledge, and F3 Layer: What We Know about This? A Review

Figure 12

The 𝑁(ℎ) profile reduced from the ionogram obtained on-board the Ohzora (EXOS-C) satellite at 284.2° E long., 0.5°N dip lat. At 12.0 LT in March 17, 1987 (from Uemoto et al. [49]). Vertical and horizontal axis indicate the altitude and the plasma density, respectively. The red arrow gives the peak of the ledge structure. The blue arrow indicates and the height corresponding to the cusp.