Clinical Manifestations of Portal Hypertension

Table 1

Causes of portal hypertension (PH).

Prehepatic PH (normal wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP) and free hepatic venous pressure (FHVP) with normal hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG))
Portal vein thrombosis
Splenic vein thrombosis
Congestive splenomegaly (Banti’s syndrome)
Arteriovenous fistula
Hepatic PH (increased WHVP, normal FHVP, and increased HVPG)
Presinusoidal
Schistosomiasis
Congenital hepatic fibrosis
Sinusoidal
Cirrhosis—many causes
Alcoholic hepatitis
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
Polycystic liver disease
Postsinusoidal
Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Posthepatic PH (increased WHVP and FHVP and normal HVPG)
Inferior vena cava webs, thrombosis
Cardiac causes (restrictive cardiomyopathy, constrictive  pericarditis, and congestive heart failure)
Pulmonary hypertension