New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Induced ER Stress and Liver Diseases

Figure 2

Proposed model depicts novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mechanisms linking alcohol (EtOH) and/or high-fat diet (HFD), cyclin D, ERAD, estrogen receptor 𝛼 (ER𝛼) variants, FOXO3, and Shp with hepatocellular carcinogenesis (HCC). Solid lines represent established pathways based on the literature; dashed lines represent emerging mechanisms under investigations. See the context for details.