The High Prevalence of Negative Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (Anti-HBs) among Pregnant Women in Bandung, Indonesia: A Community-Based Study
Table 1
Participant characteristics and HBsAg status.
All participants
HBsAg positive
HBsAg negative
OR (95% CI)
Overall, (%)
196 (100)
12 (6.1)
184(93.9)
Age
Mean year (SD)
27.7 (6.1)
27.1 (5.2)
27.7 (6.2)
Distribution, (%)
13–20
10 (5.1)
1 (0.5)
9 (4.6)
1
20–24
51 (26.0)
2 (1.0)
49 (25.0)
2.722 (0.223-33.27)
0.433
25–29
59 (30.1)
5 (2.6)
54 (27.6)
1.200 (0.125-11.50)
0.874
30–34
44 (22.4)
3 (1.5)
41 (20.9)
1.519 (0.141-16.32)
0.730
>35
32 (16.3)
1 (0.5)
31 (15.8)
3.444 (0.195-60.71)
0.398
Bodyweight
Mean kg (SD)
53.6 (9.7)
56.3 (8.9)
53.4 (9.8)
Height
Median cm (IQR)
155.0 (6.0)
158.0 (9.0)
155.0 (6.0)
BMI
Mean kg/m2 (SD)
22.3 (3.9)
23.1 (3.7)
22.3 (3.9)
Distribution, (%)
<18.5
30 (15.3)
5 (2.6)
25 (12.8)
1
18.5–24.9
121 (61.8)
4 (2.0)
117 (59.7)
5.850 (1.466-23.34)
0.012§
25–29.9
34 (17.3)
3 (1.5)
31 (15.8)
2.067 (0.450-9.499)
0.351
≥30
11 (5.6)
0 (0)
11 (5.6)
N/A
Maternal employment, (%)
Unemployed
143 (73.0)
10 (5.1)
133 (67.9)
1
Fulltime
26 (13.3)
1 (0.5)
25 (12.8)
1.880 (0.230-15.34)
0.556
Part time
27 (13.8)
1 (0.5)
26 (13.3)
1.955 (0.240-15.93)
0.531
Spouse employment, (%)
Unemployed
5 (2.6)
0 (0)
5 (2.6)
N/A
Fulltime
91 (46.4)
6 (3.1)
85 (43.4)
1
Part time
100 (51.0)
6 (3.1)
94 (48.0)
1.106 (0.344-3.560)
0.866
Family income (monthly), (%)
<250 USD
120 (61.2)
8 (4.1)
112 (57.1)
1
250–499 USD
59 (30.2)
4 (2.0)
55 (28.1)
0.982 (0.283-3.404)
0.977
500–999 USD
14 (7.1)
0 (0)
14 (7.1)
N/A
>1000 USD
3 (1.5)
0 (0)
3 (1.5)
N/A
Education, (%)
Preschool
1 (0.5)
0 (0)
1 (0.5)
N/A
Elementary school
8 (4.1)
1 (0.5)
7 (3.6)
1
Intermediate school
23 (11.7)
3 (1.5)
20 (10.2)
0.952 (0.085-10.72)
0.968
High school
98 (50.0)
5 (2.6)
93 (47.4)
2.657 (0.272-25.98)
0.401
Graduate
64 (32.7)
3 (1.5)
61 (31.1)
2.905 (0.265-31.84)
0.383
Postgraduate
2 (1.0)
0 (0)
2 (1.0)
N/A
HBV vaccine frequency history, (%)
Unknown
85 (43.4)
5 (2.6)
80 (40.8)
1
None
108 (55.1)
7 (3.6)
101 (51.5)
0.902 (0.276-2.948)
0.864
1-3
2 (1.0)
0 (0)
2 (1.0)
N/A
4
1 (0.5)
0 (0)
1 (0.5)
N/A
TT vaccine frequency history, (%)
None
85 (43.4)
5 (2.6)
80 (40.8)
1
1-2
92 (46.9)
6 (3.1)
86 (43.9)
0.788 (0.218-2.840)
0.715
≥3
19 (9.7)
1 (0.5)
18 (9.2)
0.563(0.059-5.363)
0.617
Gravidae, (%)
1
72 (36.7)
5 (2.6)
67 (34.2)
1
2-3
100 (51.0)
7 (3.6)
93 (47.4)
0.991 (0.302-3.259)
0.989
≥4
24 (12.2)
0 (0)
24 (12.2)
N/A
Parturien, (%)
0
77 (39.2)
5 (2.6)
72 (36.7)
1
1-2
103 (52.6)
7 (3.6)
96 (49.0)
0.952 (0.290-3.123)
0.936
≥3
16 (8.2)
0 (0)
16 (8.2)
N/A
Abortus, (%)
0
165 (84.2)
11 (5.6)
154 (78.6)
1
1-2
30 (15.3)
1 (0.5)
29 (14.8)
2.071 (0.257–16.67)
0.494
≥3
1 (0.5)
0 (0)
1 (0.5)
N/A
Insurance, (%)
BPJS
53 (27.0)
2 (1.0)
133 (67.9)
1
None
143 (73.0)
10 (5.1)
51 (26.0)
1.917 (0.406-9.052)
0.411
Maternal ethnicity, (%)
Sundanese
184 (93.9)
12 (6.1)
172 (87.8)
N/A
Javanese
8 (4.1)
0 (0)
8 (4.1)
Batak
1 (0.5)
0 (0)
1 (0.5)
Malay
1 (0.5)
0 (0)
1 (0.5)
Others
2 (1.0)
0 (0)
2 (1.0)
Possible route of HBV infection, yes answered, (%)
Ever had hepatitis history
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
N/A
Ever had surgery
6 (3.1)
0 (0)
6 (3.1)
Mother’s tattoo
2 (1.0)
0 (0)
2 (1.0)
Spouse’s tattoo
3 (1.5)
0 (0)
3 (1.5)
Ever had a blood transfusion
2 (1.0)
0 (0)
2 (1.0)
Spouse’s blood transfusion history
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Hepatitis history from a spouse
1 (0.5)
0 (0)
1 (0.5)
Hepatitis history from family
1 (0.5)
0 (0)
1 (0.5)
Mother history of IDU
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Spouse history of IDU
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
§Significant value. Cumulative income rounded and converted from Indonesia Rupiah (IDR) to US Dollar (USD), BPJS = Indonesian National Insurance, Mother (first ascend) or siblings. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval, N/A: not applicable; TT: tetanus toxoid; IDU: injecting drug user.
