Sympathetic Renal Innervation and Resistant Hypertension

Table 1

Factors implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension in end-stage renal disease.

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Sodium and volume excess

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

The sympathetic nervous system

Endothelium-derived vasodepressor substances

Endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor substances

Erythropoietin use

Divalent ions and parathyroid hormone

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Structural changes in the arteries

Pre-existent essential hypertension

Miscellaneous

 Anemia/ Hypoxia

 A-V fistula

 Vasopressin

 Serotonin

 Thyroid function

 Calcitonin gene-related peptide

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