Medical and Psychological Risk Factors for Incident Hypertension in Type 1 Diabetic African-Americans
Table 2
Six-year incidence of hypertension* by baseline characteristics: bivariate analysis.
Baseline characteristics
No. at risk†
Crude (%)
OR (95% CI)‡
P ||
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)¶
0.11
<10.4
64
31.3
1.0
10.41–13.45
74
23.0
0.66 (0.31–1.40)
13.46–16.2
68
23.5
0.68 (0.31–1.46)
>16.2
74
39.2
1.42 (0.70-2.87)
Retinopathy severity
<0.001
none
143
22.4
1.0
minimal
100
26.0
1.22 (0.67–2.21)
moderate
22
59.1
5.01 (1.96–12.78)
severe
15
73.3
9.54 (2.84–31.99)
Proteinuria#
0.001
none
200
24.0
1.0
micro-
52
36.5
1.82 (0.95–3.50)
overt
22
59.1
4.57 (1.84–11.36)
Peripheral neuropathy
0.001
no
167
21.6
1.0
yes
113
40.7
2.50 (1.48–4.23)
Total cholesterol/HDL-C**
0.16
<4.5
196
25.5
1.0
≥4.5
51
35.3
1.59 (0.83–3.08)
HDHQ score¶††
0.001
0–12
71
18.3
1.0
13–16
51
27.5
1.69 (0.71–3.99)
17–23
62
30.6
1.97 (0.88–4.42)
≥24
63
44.4
3.57 (1.64–7.79)
BDI score ≥13‡‡
0.20
no
159
27.7
1.0
yes
63
36.5
1.50 (0.81–2.79)
Smoking (packyears)¶
0.008
0
160
24.4
1.0
<5
44
29.5
1.34 (0.64–2.81)
5–14
40
32.5
1.53 (0.72–3.26)
≥15
36
47.2
2.85 (1.35–6.03)
Body mass index (Kg/m2)
.46
<25
153
27.5
1
>25
127
31.5
1.22 (0.73–2.04)
Duration of diabetes (years)¶
.02
<5
111
20.7
1
5–9
69
36.2
2.17 (1.10–4.26)
10–17
57
28.1
1.49 (0.71–3.12)
≥18
43
41.9
2.76 (1.29–5.89)
Family history of hypertension
.04
no
133
24.1
1
yes
136
35.3
1.72 (1.01–2.93)
Mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) ||||
.001
<82.2
113
23.9
1
82.3–90.5
105
22.9
0.94 (0.50–1.77)
>90.5
62
50.0
3.19 (1.65–6.16)
Education
0.32
≤high school
75
37.3
1
≥college
71
29.6
0.71 (0.35–1.41)
Socioeconomic status
0.30
middle-high
133
26.3
1
lower
147
32.0
1.32 (0.78–2.21)
Alcohol abuse
0.09
no
240
24.6
1
yes
19
42.1
2.23 (0.86–5.81)
*Systolic ≥140 or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg or antihypertensive medication; †number at risk may vary due to missing data; ‡odds ratio (95% confidence interval); ||test for trend, using Cochran Armitage trend test; ¶quartiles; #albumin excretion rate: none <20 g/min; micro- 20–200 g/min; overt >200 g/min; **high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ††HDHQ: Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire score [40]; ‡‡Beck Depression Inventory score ≥13 at visit 1 [39]; || tertiles.
