Copyright © 2012 Carly M. Goldstein et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. World Health Organization, The World Health Report 2002, vol. 58, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002.
2. American Heart Association, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2005 Update, American Heart Association, Dallas, Tex, USA, 2005.
3. A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black et al., “The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 289, no. 19, pp. 2560–2572, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
4. C. V. S. Ram, “Antihypertensive drugs: an overview,” American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 77–89, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. J. Dunbar-Jacob, K. Dwyer, and E. J. Dunning, “Compliance with antihypertensive regimen: a review of the research in the 1980s,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 31–39, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. L. E. Burke, J. M. Dunbar-Jacob, and M. N. Hill, “Compliance with cardiovascular disease prevention strategies: a review of the research,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 239–263, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. T. S. Campbell, L. E. Labelle, S. L. Bacon, P. Faris, and L. E. Carlson, “Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on attention, rumination and resting blood pressure in women with cancer: a waitlist-controlled study,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
8. L. B. Wright, M. J. Gregoski, M. S. Tingen, V. A. Barnes, and F. A. Treiber, “Impact of stress reduction interventions on hostility and ambulatory systolic blood pressure in African American adolescents,” Journal of Black Psychology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 210–233, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
9. M. J. Gregoski, V. A. Barnes, M. S. Tingen, G. A. Harshfield, and F. A. Treiber, “Breathing awareness meditation and lifeskills training programs influence upon ambulatory blood pressure and sodium excretion among African American adolescents,” Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 59–64, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
10. J. W. Hughes, D. M. Fresco, M. van Dulmen, L. E. Carlson, R. Josephson, and R. Myerscough, “Mindfulness-based stress reduction for prehypertension,” Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 71, no. 3, p. 23, 2010. View at Google Scholar
11. V. A. Barnes, F. A. Treiber, and H. Davis, “Impact of transcendental meditation on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 597–605, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. A. Castillo-Richmond, R. H. Schneider, C. N. Alexander et al., “Effects of stress reduction on carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive African Americans,” Stroke, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 568–573, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. S. R. Wenneberg, R. H. Schneider, K. G. Walton et al., “A controlled study of the effects of the transcendental meditation program on cardiovascular reactivity and ambulatory blood pressure,” International Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 89, no. 1-2, pp. 15–28, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. S. I. Nidich, J. Z. Fields, M. V. Rainforth et al., “A randomized controlled trial of the effects of transcendental meditation on quality of life in older breast cancer patients,” Integrative Cancer Therapies, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 228–234, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
15. V. A. Barnes, F. A. Treiber, and M. H. Johnson, “Impact of transcendental meditation on ambulatory blood pressure in African-American adolescents,” American Journal of Hypertension, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 366–369, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
16. P. Seer and J. M. Raeburn, “Meditation training and essential hypertension: a methodological study,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 59–71, 1980. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. C. N. Alexander, R. H. Schneider, F. Staggers et al., “Trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans: II. Sex and risk subgroup analysis,” Hypertension, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 228–237, 1996. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. R. H. Schneider, F. Staggers, C. N. Alexander et al., “A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans,” Hypertension, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 820–827, 1995. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. R. H. Schneider, C. N. Alexander, F. Staggers et al., “A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction in African Americans treated for hypertension for over one year,” American Journal of Hypertension, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 88–98, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
20. R. H. Schneider, C. N. Alexander, F. Staggers et al., “Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons ≥55 years of age with systemic hypertension,” American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 1060–1064, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
21. C. N. Alexander, E. J. Langer, R. I. Newman, H. M. Chandler, and J. L. Davies, “Transcendental meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 950–964, 1989. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. P. G. Kaufmann, R. G. Jacob, C. K. Ewart et al., “Hypertension intervention pooling project,” Health Psychology, vol. 7, pp. 209–224, 1988. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. M. J. Irvine and A. G. Logan, “Relaxation behavior therapy as sole treatment for mild hypertension,” Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 587–597, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. R. G. Jacob, M. A. Chesney, D. M. Williams, Y. Ding, and A. P. Shapiro, “Relaxation therapy for hypertension: design effects and treatment effects,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 5–17, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. L. L. Yen, W. K. Patrick, and W. C. Chie, “Comparison of relaxation techniques, routine blood pressure measurements, and self-learning packages in hypertension control,” Preventive Medicine, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 339–345, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
26. C. Cottier, K. Shapiro, and S. Julius, “Treatment of mild hypertension with progressive muscle relaxation. Predictive value of indexes of sympathetic tone,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 144, no. 10, pp. 1954–1958, 1984. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. W. Linden, J. W. Lenz, and A. H. Con, “Individualized stress management for primary hypertension: a randomized trial,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 161, no. 8, pp. 1071–1080, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. C. Patel, M. G. Marmot, D. J. Terry, M. Carruthers, B. Hunt, and M. Patel, “Trial of relaxation in reducing coronary risk: four year follow up,” British Medical Journal, vol. 290, no. 6475, pp. 1103–1106, 1985. View at Google Scholar
29. C. Patel, M. G. Marmot, and D. J. Terry, “Controlled trial of biofeedback-aided behavioural methods in reducing mild hypertension,” British Medical Journal, vol. 282, no. 6281, pp. 2005–2008, 1981. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. J. D. Spence, P. A. Barnett, W. Linden, V. Ramsden, and P. Taenzer, “Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 7. Recommendations on stress management. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 160, no. 9, pp. S46–S50, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. D. M. Eisenberg, T. L. Delbanco, C. S. Berkey et al., “Cognitive behavioral techniques for hypertension: are they effective?” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 118, no. 12, pp. 964–972, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. W. Linden and L. Chambers, “Clinical effectiveness of non-drug treatment for hypertension: a meta- analysis,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 35–45, 1994. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. M. B. Ospina, K. Bond, M. Karkhaneh et al., “Meditation practices for health: state of the research,” Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, no. 155, pp. 1–263, 2007. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. L. Bernardi, P. Sleight, G. Bandinelli et al., “Effect of rosary prayer and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: comparative study,” British Medical Journal, vol. 323, no. 7327, pp. 1446–1449, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. F. Travis, “Comparison of coherence, amplitude, and eLORETA patterns during transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi practice,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 198–202, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
36. K. W. Brown and R. M. Ryan, “The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 822–848, 2003. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. J. Kabat-Zinn, Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness, Delta, New York, NY, USA, 1st edition, 1990.
38. A. E. Beddoe, C. P. P. Yang, H. P. Kennedy, S. J. Weiss, and K. A. Lee, “The effects of mindfulness-based yoga during pregnancy on maternal psychological and physical distress,” Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 310–319, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
39. S. C. Hayes, J. B. Luoma, F. W. Bond, A. Masuda, and J. Lillis, “Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes,” Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 1–25, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
40. M. M. Linehan, Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder, Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA, 1st edition, 1993.
41. G. Y. Yeh, M. J. Wood, B. H. Lorell et al., “Effects of Tai Chi mind-body movement therapy on functional status and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial,” American Journal of Medicine, vol. 117, no. 8, pp. 541–548, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
42. M. B. Schure, J. Christopher, and S. Christopher, “Mind-body medicine and the art of self-care: teaching mindfulness to counseling students through yoga, meditation, and qigong,” Journal of Counseling and Development, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 47–56, 2008. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. J. W. Anderson, C. Liu, and R. J. Kryscio, “Blood pressure response to transcendental meditation: a meta-analysis,” American Journal of Hypertension, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 310–316, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
44. J. Kabat-Zinn, “An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results,” General Hospital Psychiatry, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 33–47, 1982. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. M. V. Rainforth, R. H. Schneider, S. I. Nidich, C. Gaylord-King, J. W. Salerno, and J. W. Anderson, “Stress reduction programs in patients with elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Current Hypertension Reports, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 520–528, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
46. L. J. Appel, C. M. Champagne, D. W. Harsha, et al., “Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 289, no. 16, pp. 2083–2093, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
47. S. A. Olivo, L. G. Macedo, I. C. Gadotti, J. Fuentes, T. Stanton, and D. J. Magee, “Scales to assess the quality of randomized controlled trials: a systematic review,” Physical Therapy, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 156–175, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
48. A. R. Jadad, R. A. Moore, D. Carroll et al., “Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?” Controlled Clinical Trials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
49. D. Moher, K. F. Schulz, D. G. Altman, and L. Lepage, “The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 134, no. 8, pp. 657–662, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus