Renal Denervation for Treating Resistant Hypertension: Current Evidence and Future Insights from a Global Perspective

Table 1

Causes of RH.

Improper blood pressure measurement	Associated conditions
Volume overload and pseudotolerance	(i) Obesity
(i) Excess sodium intake	(ii) Excess alcohol intake
(ii) Volume retention from kidney disease	(iii) Physical inactivity
	(iv) Low-fiber diet
Drug-induced or other causes	Secondary causes of RH
(i) Nonadherence	(i) Obstructive sleep apnea
(ii) Inadequate doses	(ii) Primary aldosteronism
(iii) Inappropriate combinations	(iii) Pheochromocytoma
(iv) Cyclosporine and tacrolimus	(iv) Hyperparathyroidism
(v) Cocaine, amphetamines, and other illicit drugs	(v) Aortic coarctation
(vi) Sympathomimetics (decongestants, anorectics)	(vi) Renal parenchymal disease
(vii) Herbal compounds	(vii) Renal artery stenosis
(viii) Adrenal steroids	(viii) Intracranial tumor
(ix) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; aspirin, cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors
(x) Erythropoietin
(xi) Licorice (including some chewing tobacco)
(xii) Oral contraceptives