Beneficial Effects of Dietary Nitrate on Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure Levels

Table 2

Clinical trials evaluating the effects of dietary inorganic nitrate on cardiovascular health.

Population	Study design and duration	Nitrate dose	Control	Vascular parameter	Result	Reference
Hypertensive; 57 years; 144/88 mmHg	Chronic; 4 weeks	450 mg; (250 mL beetroot juice)	Beetroot juice poor in nitrate	PWV; FMD; SBP; DBP	↓ PWV, ↑ FMD; ↓ SBP, ↓ DBP; ↓ SBP24 h; ↓ DBP24 h	Kapil et al., 2015 [12]
Hypertensive; 63 years; 133/77 mmHg	Chronic; 1 week	420 mg; (140 mL beetroot juice)	Beetroot juice poor in nitrate	SBP; DBP	No effect	Bondonno et al., 2015 [13]
Overweight elderly; 63 years	Chronic; 3 weeks	±350 mg; (70 mL beetroot juice)	Blackcurrant juice	SBP; DBP	↓ SBP; No effect on DBP	Jajja et al., 2014 [14]
T2DM; 67 years; 143/81 mmHg	Chronic; 2 weeks	500 mg; (250 mL beetroot juice)	Beetroot juice poor in nitrate	FMD	No effect	Gilchrist et al., 2013 [15]
Healthy; 47 years; 112/68 mmHg	Acute; 0–2 h	190 mg; (200 g spinach)	Rice milk	FMD	2% ↑ after 2 h	Bondonno et al., 2012 [16]
Healthy; 25 years; 121/71 mmHg	Acute; 0–3 h	375 mg; (250 mL beetroot juice)	Mineral water	SBP; DBP	↓ SBP after 3 h; No effect on DBP	Kapil et al., 2010 [17]
Healthy; 26 years; 106/70 mmHg	Acute; 0–6 h–24 h	1437 mg; (500 mL beetroot juice)	Mineral water	SBP; DBP; MAP	↓ SBP; ↓ DBP; ↓ MAP	Webb et al., 2008 [18]
Healthy; 27 years	Acute; 0–2 h	1437 mg; (500 mL beetroot juice)	Mineral water	FMD	Protection against reperfusion ischemia after 2 h	Webb et al., 2008 [18]

T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; PWV, pulse wave velocity; FMD, flow mediated dilation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure.