Research Article
Prevalence, Awareness, and Control of Hypertension in Greater Beirut Area, Lebanon
Table 2
The association of demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, anthropometric, dietary intake, and medical history and laboratory tests with BP.
| | Variables | Normotensive | Pre-HTN | HTN | p-value | | N = 191 | N = 127 | N = 182 | | | 38.2 | 25.3% | 36.4 | |
| | Demographic | Age | Mean (± sd) | 40.2 ± 12.8 | 41.6 ± 14.2 | 53.6 ± 14.2 | <0.0001 | | Age | ≤ 30 | 51 (26.7%) | 36 (28.3%) | 19 (10.4%) | <0.0001 | | 31-40 | 42 (22.0%) | 23 (18.1%) | 13 (7.1%) | | | 41-50 | 57 (29.8%) | 32 (25.2%) | 29 (15.9%) | | 51-60 | 34 (17.8%) | 23 (18.1%) | 66 (36.3%) | | > 60 | 7 (4.0%) | 13 (10.2%) | 55 (30.2%) | | Gender | Females | 143 (74.9%) | 64 (50.4%) | 114 (62.6%) | <0.0001 | | Males | 48 (25.1%) | 63 (49.6%) | 68 (37.4%) | | | Marital status | Married | 138 (72.3%) | 80 (63.0%) | 113 (62.1%) | <0.0001 | | Single | 39 (20.4%) | 35 (27.6%) | 24 (13.2%) | | | Others | 14 (7.3%) | 12 (9.4%) | 45 (24.7%) |
| | Socioeconomic | Income | <600$ | 44 (25.3%) | 27 (22.9%) | 82 (51.2%) | <0.0001 | | 600-999.9$ | 64 (36.8%) | 58 (49.2%) | 47 (29.4%) | | | 1000-2000$ | 48 (27.6%) | 18 (15.3%) | 24 (15.0%) | | | >2000$ | 18 (10.3%) | 15 (12.7%) | 7 (4.4%) | | | Educational | No school /Primary | 50 (26.6%) | 44 (34.6%) | 87 (47.8%) | <0.0001 | | Intermediate/Secondary/Technical | 114 (60.6%) | 65 (51.2%) | 83 (45.6%) | | | University degree | 24 (12.8%) | 18 (14.2%) | 12 (6.6%) |
| | Lifestyle habits | Cigarette smoking | Never | 90 (47.1%) | 59 (46.5%) | 86 (47.3%) | 0.09 | | Current | 89 (46.6%) | 57 (44.9%) | 70 (38.5%) | | | Ex-smoker | 12 (6.3%) | 11 (8.7%) | 26 (14.3%) | | Narghileh smoking | Never | 108 (56.5%) | 78 (61.4%) | 124 (68.1%) | 0.11 | | Current | 62 (32.5%) | 40 (31.5%) | 40 (22.0%) | | | Ex-smoker | 21 (11.0%) | 9 (7.1%) | 18 (9.9%) | | Coffee drinking | No | 41 (21.5%) | 29 (22.8%) | 27 (14.8%) | 0.14 | | Yes | 150 (78.5%) | 98 (77.2%) | 155 (85.2%) | | | Alcohol drinking | Never | 151 (79.1%) | 85 (66.9%) | 135 (74.2%) | 0.08 | | Current | 31 (16.2%) | 33 (26.0%) | 31 (17.0%) | | | Ex-drinker | 9 (4.7%) | 9 (7.1 %) | 16 (8.8%) | | Physical activity | None | 27 (14.1%) | 21 (16.5%) | 31 (17.0%) | 0.71 | | Any activity | 164 (85.9%) | 106 (83.5%) | 151 (83.0%) | |
| | Anthropometric measurements | BMI | Normal | 66 (34.9%) | 34 (27.2%) | 16 (8.8%) | <0.0001 | | Overweight | 79 (41.8%) | 34 (27.2%) | 58 (31.9%) | | | Obese | 44 (23.3%) | 57 (45.6%) | 108 (59.3%) | | Abdominal obesity –waist circumference | | 83 (43.7%) | 59 (46.8%) | 136 (74.7%) | <0.0001 | | Abdominal obesity- waist to hip ratio | | 152 (80.4%) | 82 (65.6%) | 149 (82.3%) | 0.001 | | Body fat | Mean (± sd) | 24.9 ± 9.8 | 27.5 ± 12.3 | 33.4 ± 11.1 | <0.0001 |
| | Dietary intake | Total energy –Kcal | Mean (± sd) | 3291.0 ± 1532.3 | 3714.2 ± 1534.5 | 3057.4 ± 1473.2 | 0.01 | | Total protein (g/d) | Mean (± sd) | 108.9 ± 77.2 | 118.7 ± 54.2 | 101.9 ± 60.1 | 0.14 | | Carbohydrates (g/d) | Mean (± sd) | 390.5 ± 224.2 | 438.8 ± 268.7 | 374.9 ± 211.8 | 0.05 | | Total fat (g/d) | Mean (± sd) | 144.4 ± 89.4 | 159.3 ± 96.1 | 129.7 ± 78.1 | 0.01 | | Saturated fat (g/d) | Mean (± sd) | 38.5 ± 25.4 | 43.65 ± 31.8 | 32.9 ± 21.3 | 0.002 | | % of calories from carbohydrates | Mean (± sd) | 48.8 ± 8.7 | 48.5 ± 7.8 | 49.5 ± 8.7 | 0.57 | | of calories from proteins | Mean (± sd) | 13.2 ± 3.9 | 12.9 ± 2.6 | 13.5 ± 3.0 | 0.40 | | of calories from fat | Mean (± sd) | 38.9 ± 7.8 | 38.9 ± 7.6 | 37.9 ± 8.7 | 0.28 | | of calories from saturated fat | Mean (± sd) | 10.2 ± 2.7 | 10.2 ± 2.8 | 9.5 ± 2.7 | 0.03 |
| | Medical History | CAD | Cardiac catheterization | 10 (5.2%) | 6 (4.7%) | 29 (15.9%) | <0.0001 | | Previous heart attack | 7 (3.7%) | 2 (1.6%) | 13 (7.1%) | 0.05 | | Family history | 70 (36.6%) | 56 (44.1%) | 63 (34.6%) | 0.22 | | T2D | | 9 (4.7%) | 12 (9.4%) | 54 (29.7%) | <0.0001 |
| | Lab tests | Glucose | Mean (± sd) | 100.3 ± 28.0 | 107.5 ± 32.7 | 127.1 ± 56.6 | <0.0001 | | HbA1c | Mean (± sd) | 5.5 ± 0.8 | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 | | CRP | Mean (± sd) | 10.2 ± 7.2 | 11.3 ± 8.2 | 14.76 ± 13.0 | <0.0001 | | Cholesterol | Mean (± sd) | 182.2± 37.5 | 182.8 ± 40.3 | 192.3 ± 50.1 | 0.052 | | TG | Mean (± sd) | 118.8 ± 68.8 | 143.3 ± 145.9 | 164.3 ± 88.4 | <0.0001 | | HDL | Mean (± sd) | 50.8 ± 14.8 | 51.5 ± 16.4 | 46.9 ± 13.1 | 0.01 | | LDL | Mean (± sd) | 107.0 ± 32.9 | 105.1 ± 35.4 | 113.3 ± 48.3 | 0.12 | | Sodium urine | Mean (± sd) | 126.2 ± 47.9 | 125.6 ± 57.4 | 113.7 ± 48.3 | 0.03 | | Potassium urine | Mean (± sd) | 79.3 ± 34.9 | 69.6 ± 31.8 | 76.2 ± 32.9 | 0.03 | | GFR (Ml/min/1.73 m2) | Mean (± sd) | 104.9 ± 22.8 | 102.3 ± 23.9 | 93.0 ± 26.1 | <0.0001 |
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