Association of Urinary Sodium Excretion with Vascular Damage: A Local Kidney Effect, Rather Than a Marker of Generalized Vascular Impairment

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

	TH	IHP	NT	p value
	(n=109)	(n=43)	(n=45)
Age, years				0.875
BMI, Kg/m^2				0.029
Sex (male, )				0.058
Smoking ()				0.061
SBP, mmHg				<0.001
DBP, mmHg				<0.001
24h SBP, mmHg				<0.001
24h DBP, mmHg				<0.001
Day SBP, mmHg				<0.001
Day DBP, mmHg				<0.001
Night SBP, mmHg				<0.001
Night DBP, mmHg				<0.001
Dippers ()				0.705
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)				0.386
GFR (ml/min/1.73m^2)				0.216
PRA (ng/ml/h)	0.39 (0.13-1.21)	0.70 (0.20-1.33)	0.69 (0.16-1.55)	0.444
Aldosterone (ng/100ml)	10.8 (7.1-16.3)^#	10.1 (6.3-16.1)	7.5 (5.4-11.7)	0.034
24h urine sodium (mmol/24h)	145.6(97.9-199.8)	136(82.7-187.5)	118.8(70.9-187.5)	0.255
Augmentation index 75				0.229
PWV (m/sec)	8.08(7.2-9.3)	7.8(7.2-8.6)	6.8(6.1-7.4)	<0.001
24h urine albumin (mg/24h)	19.2 (10.0-33.0)^#	24.0 (12.0-35.0)^@	11.7 (5.8-27.6)	0.039
Capillary rarefaction ()	37.0	30.8	24.0	0.120

TH: true hypertensives, IHP: intermediate hypertensive phenotypes, and NT: normotensives.
SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, MBP: mean blood pressure, BMI: body mass index, GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate, PRA: plasma renin activity, h: hour, and PWV: pulse wave velocity.
Continuous variables were described as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as median (interquartile range) according to the normality of their distribution.
Comparisons among qualitative variables were made by chi-squared analysis and among quantitative variables with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.
p≤0.001, $: p<0.01, #: p<0.05, and @: p=0.059 for differences between normotensives and the other groups.