International Journal of Hypertension

Research Article

Racial/Ethnic, Nativity, and Sociodemographic Disparities in Maternal Hypertension in the United States, 2014-2015

Table 1

Observed prevalence and multivariate logistic regressions showing age- and covariate-adjusted differentials in maternal hypertension among major racial/ethnic groups and by selected social and medical characteristics, United States, 2014-2015 ( = 7,966,573).


Covariate	Number of births	Prevalence percent	Prevalence ratio¹	Model 1²			Model 2³			Covariance-adjusted
Covariate	Number of births	Prevalence percent	Prevalence ratio¹	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		prevalence	SE

Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	4,322,169	7.17		3.86	3.71	4.02	1.92	1.84	2.00	7.05	0.01
Non-Hispanic Black	1,188,014	9.82		5.66	5.44	5.89	2.42	2.32	2.52	8.62	0.03
American Indian/Alaska Native	75,204	8.93		5.19	4.95	5.44	2.00	1.91	2.10	7.32	0.09
Chinese	116,439	2.16	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		3.92	0.08
Japanese	14,177	3.45		1.49	1.35	1.64	1.50	1.36	1.66	5.66	0.24
Filipino	63,160	7.74		3.83	3.65	4.03	2.94	2.79	3.08	10.18	0.13
Hawaiian	1,725	6.96		3.80	3.14	4.59	1.58	1.30	1.91	5.92	0.51
Asian Indian	131,594	3.98		2.00	1.90	2.10	1.55	1.48	1.63	5.85	0.08
Korean	30,390	3.60		1.65	1.54	1.77	1.52	1.42	1.64	5.75	0.16
Vietnamese	41,211	2.93		1.38	1.29	1.48	1.28	1.19	1.37	4.90	0.13
Samoan	4,316	8.60		4.89	4.37	5.48	1.62	1.44	1.81	6.05	0.30
Other Asian/Pacific Islander	140,061	4.45		2.28	2.17	2.39	1.55	1.47	1.62	5.82	0.07
Mexican	1,092,146	5.16		2.79	2.68	2.91	1.48	1.42	1.54	5.60	0.03
Puerto Rican	140,866	6.35		3.55	3.39	3.71	1.70	1.62	1.78	6.34	0.06
Cuban	41,270	5.86		3.10	2.93	3.29	1.82	1.72	1.93	6.73	0.13
Central & South American	278,905	4.54		2.33	2.23	2.43	1.61	1.54	1.68	6.03	0.05
Other Hispanic	284,926	6.00		3.32	3.18	3.47	1.69	1.61	1.76	6.29	0.05
Maternal age (years)
<20	484,062	6.30	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		6.25	0.04
20–24	1,733,076	6.09		0.97	0.95	0.98	0.82	0.81	0.83	5.43	0.02
25–29	2,297,703	6.48		1.03	1.02	1.04	0.88	0.86	0.89	5.95	0.02
30–34	2,175,751	6.99		1.12	1.10	1.13	0.99	0.97	1.00	6.53	0.02
35–39	1,036,744	8.50		1.38	1.36	1.40	1.21	1.19	1.23	7.81	0.03
40–44	221,869	11.34		1.90	1.87	1.94	1.67	1.64	1.70	10.02	0.06
≥45	17,368	16.09		2.86	2.74	2.98	2.49	2.38	2.61	14.00	0.27
Marital status
Married	4,760,176	6.67	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		6.20	0.01
Unmarried	3,206,397	7.34		1.25	1.24	1.26	1.07	1.07	1.08	6.55	0.02
Nativity/immigrant status
US born	6,176,861	7.61		1.84	1.83	1.86	1.29	1.28	1.30	6.63	0.01
Foreign born	1,771,387	4.60	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		5.10	0.02
Maternal education (years)
<12	1,134,548	5.94		1.02	1.01	1.03	0.92	0.91	0.93	6.59	0.03
12	1,925,949	7.03		1.25	1.24	1.26	0.98	0.97	0.99	7.08	0.02
13–15	2,257,033	8.09		1.41	1.40	1.42	1.06	1.06	1.07	7.61	0.02
≥16	2,343,837	6.50	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		7.13	0.02
Plurality
Single	7,689,433	6.70	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		6.16	0.01
Multiple	277,140	13.73		2.12	2.09	2.14	1.82	1.80	1.84	10.66	0.06
Gestational diabetes
No	7,446,975	6.26	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		5.69	0.01
Yes	508,788	17.09		2.95	2.93	2.97	2.44	2.42	2.46	13.24	0.05
Pre-pregnancy BMI
Normat weight (BMI < 25)	3,679,645	3.95	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		3.54	0.01
Overweight (25 BMI < 30)	1,923,934	6.86		1.78	1.77	1.80	1.74	1.73	1.76	5.83	0.02
Obesity grade 1 (30 BMI < 35)	1,034,214	10.26		2.77	2.75	2.80	2.69	2.67	2.71	8.45	0.03
Obesity grade 2 (BMI ≥ 35)	846,413	16.74		4.91	4.87	4.95	4.60	4.56	4.64	11.22	0.05
Weight gain during pregnancy (lbs)
<16	1,166,852	7.96	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		5.41	0.02
16–30	2,938,813	5.88		1.10	1.09	1.10	1.12	1.11	1.13	5.77	0.01
31–40	1,899,825	6.05		1.32	1.30	1.33	1.32	1.31	1.34	6.57	0.02
>40	1,624,798	9.16		2.04	2.02	2.06	1.94	1.92	1.95	9.25	0.02
Place of residence
Metropolitan county	6,353,967	6.68	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		6.27	0.01
Non-metropolitan county	1,612,606	7.98		1.27	1.26	1.28	1.04	1.04	1.05	6.57	0.02
Region of residence
New England	299,320	6.12		1.15	1.13	1.17	1.10	1.08	1.11	5.55	0.04
Mid Atlantic	965,794	6.25		1.19	1.18	1.20	1.10	1.09	1.11	5.24	0.02
East Northcentral	1,125,412	7.96		1.60	1.58	1.62	1.24	1.23	1.26	6.69	0.02
West Northcentral	548,470	7.52		1.51	1.49	1.53	1.19	1.17	1.21	6.36	0.03
South Atlantic	1,499,665	7.16		1.42	1.40	1.43	1.15	1.14	1.16	6.40	0.02
East Southcentral	471,637	8.87		1.85	1.83	1.88	1.35	1.33	1.37	7.77	0.04
West Southcentral	1,116,431	7.51		1.52	1.51	1.54	1.33	1.32	1.35	7.30	0.03
Mountain	616,787	6.53		1.29	1.28	1.31	1.19	1.17	1.20	6.49	0.03
Pacific	1,323,057	5.30	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		5.50	0.02

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. significant at . ¹Defined as the ratio of the prevalence for a specific group to that for the reference group. ²Adjusted for maternal age only; weight gain odds were adjusted for maternal age and prepregnancy BMI. ³Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, nativity, plurality, maternal education, place and region of residence, gestational diabetes, prepregnancy BMI, and gestational weight gain. Source. Data derived from the 2014-2015 US National Natality data files.