Racial/Ethnic, Nativity, and Sociodemographic Disparities in Maternal Hypertension in the United States, 2014-2015
Table 2
Observed prevalence and adjusted odds of maternal hypertension among 32 ethnic-immigrant groups: United States, 2014-2015 ( = 7,966,573).
Ethnic-immigrant group
Number of births
Prevalence percent
Prevalence ratio1
Model 12
Model 23
Covariance-adjusted
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
prevalence
SE
Non-Hispanic White, US-born
4,031,903
7.39
4.73
4.52
4.95
2.77
2.65
2.90
7.41
0.01
Non-Hispanic White, immigrant
282,556
4.08
2.32
2.21
2.43
1.73
1.65
1.82
4.85
0.04
Non-Hispanic Black, US-born
1,004,997
10.30
7.27
6.94
7.61
3.47
3.31
3.64
9.01
0.03
Non-Hispanic Black, immigrant
177,299
7.08
4.13
3.93
4.34
2.63
2.50
2.76
7.07
0.06
American Indian/Alaska Native
75,204
8.93
6.19
5.87
6.52
2.86
2.71
3.01
7.61
0.09
Chinese, US-born
14,497
4.25
2.31
2.10
2.53
2.12
1.93
2.33
5.83
0.22
Chinese, immigrant
101,753
1.86
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
2.93
0.06
Japanese, US-born
3,893
6.45
3.43
3.00
3.93
3.02
2.63
3.46
7.98
0.46
Japanese, immigrant
10,270
2.32
1.12
0.98
1.28
1.28
1.11
1.46
3.68
0.23
Hawaiian
1,725
6.96
4.49
3.71
5.43
2.23
1.84
2.71
6.11
0.53
Filipino, US-born
17,216
7.99
4.83
4.49
5.18
3.43
3.19
3.69
8.91
0.22
Filipino, immigrant
45,845
7.63
4.33
4.09
4.58
3.53
3.33
3.73
9.13
0.14
Asian Indian, US-born
13,323
4.52
2.57
2.34
2.82
1.96
1.79
2.16
5.45
0.21
Asian Indian, immigrant
118,026
3.91
2.31
2.18
2.43
1.75
1.65
1.84
4.90
0.07
Korean, US-born
6,296
3.81
2.11
1.84
2.42
1.89
1.65
2.17
5.26
0.32
Korean, immigrant
23,313
3.55
1.87
1.72
2.03
1.78
1.64
1.94
5.00
0.16
Vietnamese, US-born
7,713
4.55
2.79
2.48
3.13
2.22
1.97
2.49
6.07
0.30
Vietnamese, immigrant
33,453
2.56
1.37
1.26
1.48
1.32
1.22
1.43
3.79
0.12
Samoan
4,316
8.60
5.81
5.17
6.52
2.14
1.90
2.41
5.89
0.30
Other Asian/Pacific Islander, US-born
51,424
5.11
3.23
3.05
3.43
2.09
1.97
2.22
5.77
0.11
Other Asian/Pacific Islander, immigrant
87,782
4.05
2.37
2.24
2.50
1.78
1.68
1.88
4.98
0.08
Mexican, US-born
554,774
5.79
3.95
3.76
4.13
2.06
1.96
2.16
5.69
0.03
Mexican, immigrant
536,471
4.51
2.72
2.60
2.85
1.70
1.62
1.79
4.79
0.03
Puerto Rican, mainland US-born
121,554
6.26
4.16
3.96
4.38
2.34
2.22
2.46
6.37
0.07
Puerto Rican, Puerto Rico-born
18,530
7.04
4.58
4.26
4.92
2.55
2.37
2.74
6.88
0.18
Cuban, US-born
19,864
6.16
3.91
3.63
4.20
2.29
2.13
2.47
6.26
0.17
Cuban, immigrant
21,389
5.59
3.43
3.19
3.70
2.34
2.17
2.52
6.37
0.17
Central & South American, US-born
47,914
5.30
3.47
3.27
3.69
2.08
1.95
2.21
5.73
0.11
Central & South American, immigrant
230,721
4.39
2.60
2.47
2.73
1.84
1.75
1.94
5.14
0.05
Other Hispanic, US-born
202,960
6.04
4.10
3.91
4.31
2.21
2.10
2.32
6.06
0.05
Other Hispanic, immigrant
81,468
5.90
3.61
3.42
3.81
2.41
2.28
2.54
6.54
0.09
All other ethnic-nativity groups
18,124
6.91
4.38
4.07
4.71
2.87
2.66
3.09
7.64
0.20
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. significant at .1Defined as the ratio of the prevalence for a specific group to that for the reference group. 2Adjusted for maternal age only. 3Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, plurality, maternal education, place and region of residence, gestational diabetes, prepregnancy BMI, and gestational weight gain. Source. Data derived from the 2014-2015 US National Natality data files.
