Tracking of Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents in Germany in the Context of Risk Factors for Hypertension
Table 3
Predictors of hypertensive BP at six-year follow-up in children and adolescents in Germany.
univariable analysis
multivariable analysis
3- to 10-year-olds (at baseline)
OR (95% CI)
p-value
OR (95% CI)
p-value
Sex
Male
Ref
0.50
Ref
0.19
Female
1.09 (0.85-1.39)
1.21 (0.91-1.59)
Age
1.14 (1.08-1.21)
<0.001
1.15 (1.08-1.23)
<0.001
BP t0
normal (<P95)
Ref
<0.001
Ref
<0.001
hypertensive (≥P95)
4.44 (3.14-6.28)
4.25 (2.90-6.23)
BMI trajectory (t0 to t1)
persistently low or normal
Ref
<0.001
Ref
<0.001
resolution
1.74 (0.96-3.16)
1.64 (0.86-3.11)
persistently overweight/obesity
3.87 (2.67-5.61)
2.70 (1.78-4.12)
incident overweight/obesity
3.95 (2.83-5.51)
4.44 (3.08-6.42)
Sport activities (times/week)
<1
Ref
0.14
Ref
0.07
1-2
1.21 (0.85-1.73)
1.30 (0.87-1.92)
≥3
1.42 (0.99-2.02)
1.58 (1.06-2.35)
Parental hypertension
No
Ref
0.02
Ref
0.48
Yes
1.38 (1.06-1.80)
1.11 (0.83-1.49)
Low birthweight (<2500g)
No
Ref
0.59
Ref
0.69
Yes
1.14 (0.70-1.88)
1.12 (0.64-1.96)
11- to 17-year-olds (at baseline)
Sex
Male
Ref
<0.001
Ref
<0.001
Female
0.37 (0.22-0.61)
0.33 (0.18-0.61)
Age
1.22 (1.07-1.40)
<0.01
1.21 (1.03-1.42)
0.02
BP t0
normal (<P95)
Ref
<0.001
Ref
0.001
hypertensive (≥P95)
3.41 (1.87-6.23)
3.35 (1.60-7.01)
BMI trajectory (t0 to t1)
persistently low or normal
Ref
0.07
Ref
0.32
resolution
1.82 (0.58-5.70)
0.85 (0.17-4.19)
persistently overweight/obesity
2.23 (1.19-4.16)
1.96 (0.89-4.29)
incident overweight/obesity
1.50 (0.73-3.08)
1.59 (0.65-3.88)
Physical activities (hours/week)
≤2.0
Ref
0.24
Ref
0.42
2.1-4.9
1.76 (0.76-4.07)
1.75 (0.69-4.40)
5.0-31.0
1.93 (0.90-4.13)
1.70 (0.74-3.91)
Parental hypertension
No
Ref
0.03
Ref
0.04
Yes
1.78 (1.07-2.95)
1.85 (1.02-3.33)
Low birthweight (<2500g)
No
Ref
0.46
Ref
0.56
Yes
0.57 (0.13-2.50)
0.62 (0.12-3.16)
Hypertensive BP: SBP or DBP at or above the 95th age-, sex-, and height-specific percentile for children and adolescents under 18 years or BP ≥140/90 mmHg irrespective of the percentile; for adults aged 18 or older: ≥140/90 mmHg. OR = odds ratio BP = blood pressure.
