The Association of Vitamin A and Vitamin D with Hypertension in Children: A Case-Control Study

Table 1

Demographic information in the hypertensive group and the control group.

Variables	Total	Hypertension	Control	P
N	164	80	84
Age, years	9.81(1.62)	9.74(1.77)	9.89 (1.45)	0.56
Gender, n (%)
Male	83(50.61%)	42(52.50%)	41(48.81%)	0.64
Female	81(49.39%)	38(47.50%)	43(51.19%)
Pregnancy and neonatal variables
Birth weight, g	3327.74 (484.43)	3373.50(489.0)	3284.20(478.90)	0.24
Breastfed, n (%)
Yes	139(84.76%)	64(80.00%)	75(89.29%)	0.09
No	25(15.24%)	16(20.00%)	9(10.71%)
Duration of breastfed, month	7.92(5.05)	7.11 (5.08)	8.69(4.93)	0.04
PIH
Yes	5(3.04%)	2 (2.50%)	3(3.57%)	0.18
No	159(96.96%)	78 (97.50%)	81(96.43%)
Parents’ education level
<9	95(57.93%)	44(55.00%)	51(60.71%)	0.34
~15	54(32.93%)	26(32.50%)	28(33.33%)
>15	15(9.15%)	10(12.50%)	5(5.95%)
Anthropometric variables, mean(SD)
SBP, mmHg	114.45(9.04)	127.21(7.87)	101.53(7.69)	<0.01
DBP, mmHg	69.13(9.90)	75.82(8.43)	62.36(5.87)	<0.01
Waist, cm	62.13(5.91)	65.16(5.68)	55.09(5.64)	<0.01
BMI, kg/m^2	19.45(4.59)	22.51(4.39)	16.36(1.94)	<0.01
Serum indexes, mean(SD)
Chol, mmol/L	4.03(0.63)	4.00(0.68)	4.06(0.59)	0.77
FBG, mmol/L	4.96(0.53)	4.93(0.62)	4.99(0.41)	0.39
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.26(0.44)	1.11(0.31)	1.40(0.49)	<0.01
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.31(0.59)	2.40(0.66)	2.22(0.50)	<0.01
Trig, mmol/L	1.12(0.60)	1.29(0.61)	0.95(0.54)	<0.01
Serum , umol/L	0.88(0.23)	0.89(0.23)	0.87(0.22)	0.56
25(OH)D, umol/L	40.81(12.34)	38.22(12.00)	43.28(12.33)	0.02
25(OH)D^#, umol/L	40.81(12.34)	39.10(12.00)	42.44(12.33)	0.19
VA deficiency, n()	35(21.34%)	13(16.25%)	22(26.19%)	0.12
VD deficiency, n()	125(76.22%)	66(82.50%)	59(70.24%)	0.06

PIH: pregnancy induced hypertension, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, adjusted age, gender, BMI, WC, TRIG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, and adjusted BMI.