Cost-Effectiveness of More Intensive Blood Pressure Treatment in Patients with High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Saudi Arabia: A Modelling Study of Meta-Analysis

Table 1

The inputs of the economic model.

Variable	Value	Range used in sensitivity analyses	Distribution used in probabilistic sensitivity analyses	Reference no.
Event rates (per year)
More intensive blood-pressure control
Risk of CV outcomes
MI	0.0048	0.0038 to 0.0057	Beta	[24]
Stroke	0.0059	0.0047 to 0.0071	Beta	[24]
Heart failure	0.0028	0.0022 to 0.0034	Beta	[24]
CV death	0.0046	0.0039 to 0.0055	Beta	[24]
Non-CV death	0.0049	0.0039 to 0.0058	Beta	[24]
Risk of adverse event, hypotension	0.0024	0.0019 to 0.0028	Beta
Less intensive blood-pressure control
Risk of CV outcomes
MI	0.0054	0.0043 to 0.0065	Beta	[24]
Stroke	0.0065	0.0052 to 0.0078	Beta	[24]
HF	0.0034	0.0027 to 0.0041	Beta	[24]
CV death	0.0048	0.0038 to 0.0057	Beta	[24]
Non-CV death	0.0053	0.0042 to 0.0064	Beta	[24]
Risk of adverse event, hypotension	0.0011	0.0009 to 0.0013	Beta
Mortality
Fatal MI	0.002	0.0016 to 0.0024	Beta	[30]
Fatal stroke	0.022	0.017 to 0.026	Beta	[33]
Fatal HF	0.009	0.007 to 0.01	Beta	[34]
Costs ($; year 2018 values)
The average cost of hypertensive drugs (per person per year)
More intensive	753	376 to 1,129	Gamma	Estimate
Less intensive	484	242 to 726	Gamma	Estimate
Costs of acute disease
MI	16,720	8,360 to 25,080	Gamma	[35]
Stroke	29,576	14,788 to 44,364	Gamma	Estimate
HF	34,263	17,131 to 51394	Gamma	Estimate
Acute stroke rehabilitation cost (year)	14,627	7,313 to 21,940	Gamma	Estimate
Death	6,000	3,000 to 9,000
Cost of adverse event
Sever hypotension	1600	800 to 2,400	Gamma	Estimate
Physician visits
Cost of a physician visit	537	268 to 805	Gamma	Estimate
Number of physician visits, n
More intensive	3	2 to 4	Gamma
Less intensive	2	1 to 3	Gamma
State utilities
Baseline utility at 63 (high risk individual free of CV or adverse events complications) (per y, unless noted)	0.79	0.63 to 0.95	Beta	[36]
MI^a	0.70	0.56 to 0.84	Beta	[37, 38]
Stroke^a	0.57	0.46 to 0.68	Beta	[37, 39]
HF^a	0.43	0.34 to 0.52	Beta	[37, 40]
Disutility of adverse event, severe hypotension	−0.06	−0.048 to −0.072		[41]
Disutility for taking more medications	−0.002	−0.001 to −0.003	Beta	[42]

^aThese figures are multiplied by initial health state utility to estimate new health state utility. ^bSensitivity ranges are based on 95% confidence intervals when available or represent +/50% for costs and +/20% for other parameters. Abbreviations: MI, myocardial infarction; HF, heart failure, CV, cardiovascular.