Study Population and follow-up Outcome Zoungas et al , 2007 6 ] 315 CKD Stage 4–5, median 42 months follow-up PWV predictive of composite end point of cardiovascular events; HR for every 1 m/s increase in PWV was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.12 - 1.25) Chen et al , 2012 [50 ] 186 CKD Stage 3–5 patients, mean 22 months follow-up PWV associated with increased rate of CKD progression Tholen et al , 2013 [44 ] 70 CKD Stage 2–4, 12 months follow-up Increase in PWV over 1 year by 1.1 m/s Baumann et al , 2014 [51 ] 135 CKD Stage 2–4, 42 months follow-up Aortic PWV ≥ 10 m/s an independent predictor of mortality; HR 5.1 (95% CI, 1.1 - 22.9) Chandra et al , 2014 [52 ] 240 CKD Stage 3–5, up to 48 months follow-up Low heart rate variability and high PWV associated with increase in first cardiovascular event; HR 1.19 (95%CI, 1.09 - 1.31) Townsend et al , 2015 [9 ] 2800 CKD, 7-10 years follow-up Increase in PWV according to CKD Stage by up to 1 m/s per year; increasing PWV associated with cognitive impairment, mortality, heart failure admissions. Cseprekal et al , 2016 [53 ] 94 CKD Stage 1–5 patients, median 52 months follow-up PWV related to cardiovascular events; other associations included increasing calciprotein particles Krishnasamy et al , 2017 [19 ] 42 CKD Stage 4 vs 40 healthy controls, 12 months follow-up CKD associated with higher PWV (9.7 Kim et al , 2017 [54 , 55 ] 2238 CKD Stage 1–5, over 10 years follow-up Higher PWV with increasing CKD stage; also associated with increased aortic calcification and reduced bone mineral density
