|
| Study | Population and follow up | Intervention | Outcome |
|
| Lipid-lowering trials | | | |
Fassett et al, 2010 [47]
(LORD) | 37 CKD Stage 2–4, >3 years follow-up | Atorvastatin 10mg daily vs placebo | 48% slower increase in PWV with atorvastatin (not significant) |
| Morita et al, 2014 [56] | 37 CKD Stage 2–5, >24 weeks follow-up | Ezetimibe 10mg daily | Significant reduction in brachial ankle PWV (1,770.4±590.3 cm/s to 1,702.5± 519.9 cm/s), but no correlation with LDL levels |
| Anti-hypertensive trials | | | |
| Edwards et al, 2009 [57] | 112 CKD Stage 2–3, 40 weeks follow up | Spironolactone 25mg daily vs placebo | Improvement in PWV -0.8 +/- 1.0m/s vs -0.1 +/- 0.9m/s |
| Frimodt-Møller et al, 2012 [48] | 67 CKD Stage 3–5, 24 weeks follow-up | Monotherapy with ACEI or ARB, then randomised to dual therapy | Improved arterial stiffness in dual RAS blockade cohort (PWV -0.3m/s) |
Boesby et al, 2013 [49]
ALBLOCK-2 | 54 CKD Stage 3–4, >24 weeks follow-up | Open label trial of eplerenone vs placebo | No effect on PWV; reduction in pulse wave reflection with eplerenone |
| CKD-MBD Modulation trials | | | |
| Chitalia et al, 2014 [58] | 26 CKD Stage 3–4, 18 weeks follow up | Vitamin D supplementation 300,000 units at baseline and 8 weeks | No significant effect on arterial stiffness; change in endothelial biomarkers with reductions in ICAM-1, VCAM-1 |
| Kumar et al, 2017 [59] | 120 CKD Stage 2–4, 16 weeks follow-up | Cholecalciferol 300,000 IU at baseline and 8 weeks vs placebo | Significant reduction in PWV with cholecalciferol (-1.24 m/s over 16 weeks) |
| Levin et al, 2017 [60] | 87 CKD Stage 3b-4, 6 months follow-up | Vitamin D 5000 IU daily, calcitriol vs placebo | Non-significant change in PWV with fixed dose cholecalciferol |
| Seifert et al, 2013 [61] | 38 CKD Stage 3, 12 months follow-up | Lanthanum carbonate vs placebo | Non-significant change in PWV |
Chue et al, 2013 [62]
(CRIB-PHOS) | 120 non-diabetic CKD Stage 3, 40 weeks follow-up | Sevelamer carbonate vs placebo | No change observed in PWV |
| Non-pharmacological trials | | | |
| Van Craenenbroek et al, 2015 [63] | 48 CKD Stage 3–4, 3 months follow-up | Parallel group design, 3-month home based aerobic training program (4 daily training sessions of cycling) vs control | No significant change in PWV |
|
