Blood Pressure Variability Is Associated with Hearing and Hearing Loss: A Population-Based Study in Males

Table 4

Multivariate logistic regression analysis between BPV and hearing loss.

	BPV groups	PTA at low frequency	PTA at intermediate frequency	PTA at high frequency
		OR value (95% CI)	OR value (95% CI)	OR value (95% CI)
SD	SSD (+SD)	1.07 (0.99-1.15)	1.09 (1.02-1.17)	1.07 (1.01-1.14)
	DSD (+SD)	1.04 (0.97-1.12)	1.04 (0.98-1.11)	1.02 (0.96-1.08)
CV	SCV (+SD)	1.06 (0.99-1.14)	1.08 (1.01-1.15)	1.06 (1.003-1.12)
	DCV (+SD)	1.03 (0.96-1.11)	1.03 (0.97-1.10)	1.01 (0.95-1.07)
VIM	(+SD)	1.05 (0.98-1.12)	1. 07(1.004-1.14)	1.05 (0.997-1.11)
	(+SD)	1.02 (0.96-1.10)	1.03 (0.96-1.09)	1.00 (0.95-1.06)

BPV, blood pressure variation; PTA, pure-tone average threshold; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of the variation; VIM, variation independent of mean. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with the existence of hearing loss as dependent variable (0 = without hearing loss; 1 = with hearing loss). Independent variables included each SD increase of SSD, DSD, SCV, DCV, , and . In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, we adjusted for BP level, age, BMI, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, antihypertensive drug usage, and occupational noise exposure.