The Role and Regulation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells in Pulmonary Hypertension

Figure 1

Molecular pathways in PASMC (1). ET-1: endothelin-1, 5-HT: serotonin, BMP: bone morphogenetic proteins, ET A/ET B endothelin receptor A/B, SERT: serotonin transporter, BMPR: bone morphogenetic proteins receptor, NHE: Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger, HIF: hypoxia-induced factor, ROCK: Rho kinase, PI3K/AKT: phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, PKC: protein kinase C.