Prevalence and Risk Factors of Childhood Hypertension in Urban-Rural Areas of China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Prevalence of hypertension of children aged 6–12 years.
Variables
Total
Urban
Rural
Difference (rural vs urban)
Prevalence
Prevalence
Prevalence
Total
13.75% (13.17%, 14.34%)
9.02% (8.31%, 9.78%)
17.47% (16.62%, 18.34%)
8.44% (7.32%, 9.56%)
<0.001
Anthropometric measures
Gender
Male
13.50% (12.71%, 14.32%)
0.385
8.72% (7.75%, 9.76%)
0.388
17.24% (16.07%, 18.45%)
0.581
8.52% (6.98%, 10.06%)
<0.001
Female
14.01% (13.18%, 14.88%)
9.35% (8.32%, 10.47%)
17.72% (16.49%, 19.00%)
8.37% (6.73%, 10.00%)
<0.001
Age, y
6
16.73% (14.92%, 18.66%)
<0.001
14.15% (11.83%, 16.72%)
<0.001
19.50% (16.75%, 22.49%)
<0.001
5.36% (1.67%, 9.04%)
0.004
7
15.66% (14.26%, 17.15%)
10.91% (9.23%, 12.79%)
20.35% (18.15%, 22.69%)
9.44% (6.61%, 12.26%)
<0.001
8
13.70% (12.32%, 15.17%)
7.30% (5.79%, 9.05%)
18.97% (16.85%, 21.24%)
11.67% (8.99%, 14.35%)
<0.001
9
11.68% (10.34%, 13.13%)
8.16% (6.47%, 10.12%)
14.41% (12.46%, 16.53%)
6.25% (3.58%, 8.91%)
<0.001
10
12.25% (10.90%, 13.70%)
7.31% (5.65%, 9.28%)
15.39% (13.49%, 17.44%)
8.08% (5.47%, 10.69%)
<0.001
11
13.28% (11.89%, 14.77%)
6.37% (4.84%,8.22%)
17.72% (15.71%, 19.87%)
11.35%(8.74%,13.96%)
<0.001
12
12.69% (10.35%, 15.33%)
8.24% (5.24%, 12.21%)
15.28% (12.11%, 18.91%)
7.04% (2.38%, 11.71%)
0.003
Obesity
Normal
11.33% (10.70%, 11.99%)
<0.001
7.01% (6.24%, 7.84%)
<0.001
14.59% (13.65%, 15.56%)
<0.001
7.57% (6.35%, 8.80%)
<0.001
Overweight
15.50% (14.24%, 16.83%)
10.16% (8.63%, 11.85%)
20.04%(18.14%,22.04%)
9.88%(7.39%,12.37%)
<0.001
Obesity
29.40% (26.73%, 32.17%)
21.23% (17.84%, 24.93%)
37.06% (33.09%, 41.17%)
15.83% (10.58%, 21.09%)
<0.001
Socioeconomic index
Father’s education level, ya
∼9
14.22% (13.40%, 15.07%)
0.256
8.36% (7.23%, 9.59%)
0.098
16.97% (15.91%, 18.08%)
0.465
8.62% (7.04%, 10.20%)
<0.001
∼12
13.06% (12.13%, 14.04%)
8.97% (7.93%, 10.09%)
18.42% (16.79%, 20.13%)
9.45% (7.49%, 11.41%)
<0.001
∼15
13.81% (12.04%, 15.74%)
10.73% (8.61%, 13.16%)
17.48% (14.60%, 20.66%)
6.75% (3.06%, 10.44%)
<0.001
>15
17.05% (9.87%, 26.55%)
14.75% (6.98%, 26.17%)
22.22% (8.62%, 42.26%)
7.47% (−10.56%, 25.5%)
0.417
Father’s occupationb
Manager
13.29% (11.18%, 15.64%)
0.110
11.31% (8.34%, 14.89%)
0.007
14.71% (11.84%, 17.97%)
0.006
3.39% (−0.94%, 7.73%)
0.125
Worker
14.82% (13.73%, 15.95%)
8.25% (7.00%, 9.65%)
19.80% (18.18%, 21.49%)
11.55% (9.46%, 13.63%)
<0.001
Technicist/researcher
13.84% (11.11%, 16.94%)
13.42% (10.16%, 17.27%)
14.66% (9.97%, 20.49%)
1.24% (−4.84%, 7.31%)
0.689
Farmer
13.89% (12.90%, 14.92%)
8.24% (6.98%, 9.66%)
17.17% (15.81%, 18.59%)
8.92% (7.02%, 10.82%)
<0.001
Others
12.60% (11.47%, 13.81%)
9.20% (7.84%, 10.72%)
16.12% (14.33%, 18.04%)
6.92% (4.62%, 9.22%)
<0.001
Mother’s occupationc
Manager
13.76% (11.11%, 16.77%)
0.096
10.79% (7.17%, 15.41%)
0.104
15.75% (12.15%, 19.91%)
0.268
4.87% (−0.54%, 10.28%)
0.078
Worker
14.32% (13.18%, 15.52%)
8.84% (7.51%, 10.31%)
19.16% (17.40%, 21.01%)
10.24% (8.00%, 12.49%)
<0.001
Technicist/researcher
16.74% (12.23%, 22.09%)
15.15% (9.51%, 22.43%)
18.69% (11.81%, 27.38%)
3.54% (−6.05%, 13.13%)
0.469
Farmer
12.74% (11.74%, 13.79%)
8.79% (7.61%, 10.09%)
16.73% (15.15%, 18.41%)
8.06% (6.06%, 10.07%)
<0.001
Others
14.26% (13.27%, 15.29%)
8.62% (7.33%, 10.06%)
17.40% (16.06%, 18.79%)
8.78% (6.89%, 10.68%)
<0.001
Income, RMBd
∼500
16.26% (13.67%, 19.12%)
0.009
9.78% (4.57%, 17.76%)
0.880
17.18% (14.35%, 20.32%)
0.988
7.40% (0.67%, 14.13%)
0.031
∼1000
16.06% (14.17%, 18.09%)
8.51% (5.28%, 12.84%)
17.59% (15.44%, 19.90%)
9.08% (4.89%, 13.26%)
<0.001
∼2000
15.13% (13.69%, 16.65%)
8.29% (6.26%, 10.73%)
17.65% (15.86%, 19.54%)
9.35% (6.54%, 12.17%)
<0.001
∼3000
14.33% (13.04%, 15.69%)
8.85% (7.20%, 10.73%)
17.72% (15.93%, 19.62%)
8.87% (6.37%, 11.37%)
<0.001
>3000
13.00% (12.04%, 14.01%)
9.50% (8.37%, 10.72%)
17.13% (15.55%, 18.81%)
7.64% (5.66%, 9.62%)
<0.001
Living with grandparentse
No
13.97% (13.29%, 14.66%)
0.039
9.27% (8.39%, 10.21%)
0.355
17.06% (16.12%, 18.03%)
0.099
7.79% (6.48%, 9.09%)
<0.001
Yes
15.81% (14.16%, 17.57%)
8.03% (5.85%, 10.70%)
18.97% (16.86%, 21.23%)
10.94% (7.78%, 14.11%)
<0.001
People live with childf
1
15.44% (12.60%, 18.63%)
0.106
9.09% (5.06%, 14.78%)
0.687
17.72% (14.22%, 21.66%)
0.802
8.62% (2.82%, 14.43%)
0.004
2∼3
13.58% (12.73%, 14.46%)
8.82% (7.76%, 9.98%)
17.08% (15.85%, 18.36%)
8.25% (6.60%, 9.91%)
<0.001
4
14.86% (13.89%, 15.88%)
9.60% (8.25%, 11.08%)
17.67% (16.37%, 19.02%)
8.07% (6.16%, 9.97%)
<0.001
Medical insuranceg
No
13.83% (13.16%, 14.52%)
0.004
9.26% (8.39%, 10.19%)
0.209
17.01% (16.06%, 17.99%)
0.096
11.59% (8.28%, 14.91%)
<0.001
Yes
16.41% (14.72%, 18.20%)
7.31% (4.91%, 10.39%)
18.88% (16.87%, 21.02%)
7.79% (6.49%, 9.10%)
<0.001
Perinatal measures
Gestational hypertensionh
No
14.02% (13.38%, 14.67%)
0.024
8.96% (8.12%, 9.84%)
0.018
17.21% (16.33%, 18.12%)
0.297
8.25% (7.02%, 9.48%)
<0.001
Yes
20.00% (14.34%, 26.70%)
18.18% (9.08%, 30.90%)
20.83% (13.96%, 29.20%)
2.65% (−9.87%, 15.17%)
0.678
Birth weight, gi
∼3000
15.59% (14.35%, 16.90%)
0.026
9.89% (8.21%, 11.77%)
0.110
18.75% (17.08%, 20.51%)
0.149
8.86% (6.44%, 11.29%)
<0.001
∼3600
14.04% (13.09%, 15.03%)
9.52% (8.29%, 10.87%)
17.14% (15.81%, 18.54%)
7.62% (5.76%, 9.47%)
<0.001
>3600
13.35% (12.26%, 14.50%)
7.70% (6.31%, 9.28%)
16.58% (15.08%, 18.16%)
8.88% (6.79%, 10.98%)
<0.001
Breastfeeding, monthj
0∼3
13.74% (12.50%, 15.06%)
<0.001
10.42% (8.88%, 12.13%)
0.090
17.05% (15.13%, 19.11%)
0.084
6.63% (4.11%, 9.15%)
<0.001
4∼10
13.21% (12.33%, 14.13%)
8.28% (7.16%, 9.50%)
16.51% (15.26%, 17.81%)
8.23% (6.53%, 9.93%)
<0.001
>10
16.31% (15.06%, 17.63%)
9.20% (7.32%, 11.38%)
18.73% (17.20%, 20.33%)
9.53% (7.02%, 12.03%)
<0.001
Father with obesityk
No
14.02% (13.36%, 14.70%)
0.149
8.99% (8.12%, 9.91%)
0.126
17.14% (16.23%, 18.08%)
0.263
8.42% (7.10%, 9.73%)
<0.001
Yes
16.19% (14.17%, 18.38%)
10.00% (7.41%, 13.11%)
19.92% (17.14%, 22.93%)
8.05% (4.91%, 11.20%)
<0.001
Mother with obesityl
No
14.03% (13.35%, 14.73%)
0.040
8.78% (7.88%, 9.73%)
0.474
17.19% (16.26%, 18.16%)
0.055
8.15% (6.88%, 9.43%)
<0.001
Yes
15.29% (13.70%, 16.99%)
10.52% (8.44%, 12.90%)
18.57% (16.33%, 20.98%)
9.92% (5.98%, 13.86%)
<0.001
Physical activity
Weekday, min/daym
∼10
14.89% (14.02%, 15.79%)
0.028
9.26% (8.09%, 10.54%)
0.637
17.99% (16.82%, 19.20%)
0.141
8.73% (7.05%, 10.41%)
<0.001
>10
13.47% (12.58%, 14.40%)
8.86% (7.72%, 10.11%)
16.68% (15.41%, 18.00%)
7.82% (6.08%, 9.56%)
<0.001
Weekend, min/dayn
∼55
14.37% (13.59%, 15.17%)
0.560
8.91% (7.88%, 10.03%)
0.590
17.43% (16.38%, 18.51%)
0.900
8.52% (7.03%, 10.01%)
<0.001
>55
13.97% (12.92%, 15.08%)
9.38% (8.04%, 10.87%)
17.31% (15.80%, 18.90%)
7.92% (5.86%, 9.99%)
<0.001
Total, min/weeko
∼150
14.83% (13.96%, 15.74%)
0.050
9.17% (7.99%, 10.46%)
0.808
17.87% (16.70%, 19.09%)
0.247
8.70% (7.01%, 10.39%)
<0.001
>150
13.57% (12.69%, 14.50%)
8.96% (7.83%, 10.20%)
16.84% (15.57%, 18.17%)
7.88% (6.15%, 9.61%)
<0.001
aA total of 348 subjects having missing values in father’s education level; bA total of 302 subjects having missing values in father’s occupation. cA total of 286 subjects having missing values in mother’s occupation. dA total of 1795 subjects having missing values in parents’ income. eA total of 1728 subjects having missing values in living with grandparents. fA total of 1888 subjects having missing values in people live with child. gA total of 1777 subjects having missing values in medical insurance. hA total of 2123 subjects having missing values in gestational hypertension. iA total of 1755 subjects having missing values in birth weight. jA total of 1936 subjects having missing values in breastfeeding. kA total of 1868 subjects having missing values in father with obesity. lA total of 1869 subjects having missing values in mother with obesity. mA total of 1762 subjects having missing values in weekday activity. nA total of 1764 subjects having missing values in weekend activity. oA total of 1788 subjects having missing values in total activity
