Prevalence and Risk Factors of Childhood Hypertension in Urban-Rural Areas of China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 3
Results of the univariate logistic model of the risk factors for childhood hypertension.
Variablesa
Total
Urban
Rural
β
OR (95% CI)
β
OR (95% CI)
β
OR (95% CI)
Region (urban vs. rural)
−0.209
0.811 (0.707, 0.931)
0.003
Obesity, ref. normal
Overweight
0.404
1.497 (1.330, 1.686)
<0.001
0.446
1.563 (1.260, 1.938)
<0.001
0.395
1.484 (1.285, 1.714)
<0.001
Obesity
1.283
3.608 (3.095, 4.206)
<0.001
1.354
3.872 (2.988, 5.017)
<0.001
1.276
3.584 (2.946, 4.359)
<0.001
Education, ref. ≤9 y
∼12
−0.137
0.872 (0.782, 0.972)
0.014
−0.003
0.997 (0.815, 1.221)
0.981
0.068
1.070 (0.936, 1.225)
0.322
∼15
−0.087
0.917 (0.775, 1.085)
0.313
0.166
1.181 (0.893, 1.562)
0.244
−0.017
0.983 (0.789, 1.225)
0.877
>15
0.156
1.169 (0.667, 2.049)
0.585
0.523
1.687 (0.814, 3.497)
0.159
0.306
1.358 (0.545, 3.383)
0.511
Father’s occupation, ref. worker
Manager
−0.141
0.869 (0.705, 1.071)
0.187
0.326
1.386 (0.965, 1.990)
0.077
−0.384
0.681 (0.525, 0.883)
0.004
Technicist/researcher
−0.108
0.898 (0.697, 1.157)
0.404
0.498
1.646 (1.168, 2.318)
0.004
−0.377
0.686 (0.453, 1.039)
0.075
Farmer
−0.078
0.925 (0.819, 1.045)
0.209
0.003
1.003 (0.785, 1.282)
0.981
−0.179
0.836 (0.725, 0.963)
0.013
Others
−0.194
0.824 (0.719, 0.944)
0.005
0.106
1.112 (0.874, 1.414)
0.390
−0.251
0.778 (0.657, 0.923)
0.004
Mother’s occupation, ref. worker
Manager
−0.051
0.950 (0.740, 1.220)
0.688
0.219
1.244 (0.799, 1.937)
0.333
−0.268
0.765 (0.563, 1.038)
0.086
Technicist/researcher
0.153
1.165 (0.819, 1.659)
0.396
0.531
1.701 (1.024, 2.825)
0.040
−0.061
0.940 (0.570, 1.551)
0.810
Farmer
−0.141
0.868 (0.761, 0.990)
0.035
−0.035
0.965 (0.769, 1.212)
0.762
−0.155
0.856 (0.727, 1.008)
0.063
Others
−0.002
0.998 (0.881, 1.131)
0.977
−0.015
0.985 (0.774, 1.254)
0.905
−0.117
0.890 (0.767, 1.033)
0.125
Income, ref. ≤500 RMB
∼1000
−0.012
0.988 (0.775, 1.259)
0.920
−0.131
0.877 (0.383, 2.009)
0.757
0.026
1.027 (0.796, 1.325)
0.839
∼2000
−0.092
0.912 (0.727, 1.144)
0.428
−0.180
0.835 (0.396, 1.763)
0.637
0.028
1.029 (0.809, 1.308)
0.819
∼3000
−0.164
0.849 (0.679, 1.062)
0.151
−0.113
0.893 (0.433, 1.841)
0.759
0.019
1.019 (0.801, 1.296)
0.878
>3000
−0.297
0.743 (0.599, 0.921)
0.007
−0.081
0.922 (0.456, 1.866)
0.822
−0.027
0.973 (0.770, 1.231)
0.822
Living with grandparents (yes vs. no)
0.130
1.139 (0.991, 1.309)
0.066
−0.228
0.796 (0.568, 1.116)
0.186
0.120
1.127 (0.965, 1.316)
0.131
People live with child, ref. 2∼3
1
0.165
1.179 (0.931, 1.494)
0.172
0.067
1.069 (0.606, 1.886)
0.817
0.051
1.052 (0.809, 1.370)
0.704
4
0.099
1.104 (0.992, 1.229)
0.070
0.069
1.071 (0.868, 1.322)
0.522
0.035
1.035 (0.913, 1.175)
0.589
Medical insurance (yes vs. no)
−0.209
0.811 (0.707, 0.931)
0.003
0.270
1.310 (0.878, 1.954)
0.187
−0.131
0.877 (0.755, 1.019)
0.087
Gestational hypertension (yes vs. no)
0.422
1.525 (1.049, 2.218)
0.027
0.820
2.270 (1.132, 4.550)
0.021
0.232
1.261 (0.808, 1.970)
0.308
Birth weight, 100g
−0.013
0.987 (0.976, 0.998)
0.018
−0.020
0.980 (0.959, 1.002)
0.076
−0.010
0.990 (0.978, 1.003)
0.137
Breastfeeding, ref. 4∼10 months
0∼3
0.025
1.025 (0.898, 1.170)
0.714
0.223
1.250 (0.995, 1.572)
0.056
0.019
1.020 (0.863, 1.204)
0.819
>10
0.271
1.312 (1.161, 1.481)
<0.001
0.157
1.170 (0.883, 1.551)
0.275
0.175
1.191 (1.038, 1.367)
0.013
Father with obesity (yes vs. no)
0.088
1.092 (0.951, 1.254)
0.211
0.167
1.182 (0.913, 1.531)
0.205
0.072
1.075 (0.911, 1.268)
0.394
Mother with obesity (yes vs. no)
0.170
1.185 (1.007, 1.394)
0.041
0.087
1.091 (0.788, 1.510)
0.602
0.185
1.203 (0.995, 1.454)
0.057
Physical activity
Weekday, min/day
−0.055
0.947 (0.899, 0.998)
0.040
−0.027
0.973 (0.879, 1.078)
0.603
−0.037
0.964 (0.906, 1.025)
0.235
Weekend, min/day
−0.023
0.977 (0.876, 1.091)
0.682
0.081
1.084 (0.879, 1.338)
0.450
−0.001
0.999 (0.877, 1.139)
0.993
Total, min/week
−0.096
0.908 (0.819, 1.008)
0.071
−0.023
0.977 (0.796, 1.200)
0.827
−0.058
0.944 (0.835, 1.067)
0.355
Dietary intake
Pickle, g
0.002
1.002 (1.001, 1.004)
<0.001
0.001
1.001 (0.997, 1.004)
0.963
0.002
1.002 (1.000, 1.003)
0.011
aAdjusted age, gender, and height. The values in bold indicate that the variables have significant correlation with childhood hypertension only in one region, either urban or rural.
