Prevalence and Risk Factors of Childhood Hypertension in Urban-Rural Areas of China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 4
Model of SES, perinatal, anthropometric, serum biochemical and blood cell composition for childhood hypertension.
Variables
Total
Urban
Rural
OR (95% CI)
R2
OR (95% CI)
R2
OR (95% CI)
R2
SES model a
0.58
1.13
0.57
Education, ref. ≤9y
∼12
0.983 (0.866, 1.115)
0.787
1.039 (0.800, 1.348)
0.776
1.137 (0.981, 1.317)
0.088
∼15
0.981 (0.794, 1.212)
0.860
1.096 (0.757, 1.588)
0.627
1.087 (0.829, 1.426)
0.544
>15
1.498 (0.824, 2.724)
0.185
1.755 (0.777, 3.968)
0.176
1.466 (0.583, 3.682)
0.416
Father’s occupation, ref. worker
Manager
1.001 (0.754, 1.327)
0.999
1.574 (0.941, 2.633)
0.084
0.753 (0.533, 1.064)
0.108
Technicist/researcher
1.103 (0.922, 1.319)
0.284
1.095 (0.744, 1.611)
0.646
1.088 (0.886, 1.335)
0.420
Farmer
1.080 (0.789, 1.477)
0.631
1.996 (1.226, 3.248)
0.005
0.719 (0.451, 1.148)
0.167
Others
0.952 (0.768, 1.179)
0.650
1.268 (0.835, 1.927)
0.265
0.894 (0.692, 1.155)
0.391
Mother’s occupation, ref. worker
Manager
1.097 (0.806, 1.492)
0.557
1.062 (0.623, 1.809)
0.826
1.033 (0.704, 1.514)
0.869
Technicist/researcher
1.062 (0.893, 1.262)
0.498
1.093 (0.795, 1.502)
0.586
1.055 (0.856, 1.302)
0.614
Farmer
1.246 (0.825, 1.880)
0.296
1.147 (0.608, 2.163)
0.672
1.296 (0.748, 2.247)
0.355
Others
1.022 (0.840, 1.244)
0.825
1.110 (0.751, 1.641)
0.600
0.966 (0.765, 1.219)
0.770
Income, ref. ≤500 RMB
∼1000
1.252 (0.995, 1.575)
0.055
1.146 (0.540, 2.430)
0.723
0.993(0.774,1.274)
0.957
∼2000
1.272 (1.063, 1.523)
0.009
1.021 (0.616, 1.691)
0.936
1.046(0.856,1.278)
0.660
∼3000
1.171 (1.007, 1.362)
0.041
0.948 (0.677, 1.327)
0.755
1.036(0.868,1.235)
0.696
>3000
1.123 (0.974, 1.294)
0.111
0.991 (0.761, 1.291)
0.948
1.059 (0.891, 1.260)
0.515
Living with grandparents (yes vs. no)
1.097 (0.949, 1.267)
0.211
0.777 (0.544, 1.109)
0.165
1.119 (0.952, 1.315)
0.172
People live with child, ref. 2∼3
1
1.094 (0.855, 1.399)
0.475
1.014 (0.550, 1.868)
0.965
1.028 (0.783, 1.348)
0.845
4
1.107 (0.992, 1.235)
0.068
1.103 (0.888, 1.370)
0.377
1.054 (0.927, 1.198)
0.424
Medical insurance (yes vs. no)
1.244 (1.080, 1.433)
0.002
0.882 (0.589, 1.320)
0.541
1.147 (0.983, 1.338)
0.081
Perinatal measure model b
0.48
0.64
0.28
Gestational hypertension (yes vs. no)
1.475 (1.008, 2.160)
0.045
2.210 (1.102, 4.432)
0.025
1.209 (0.766, 1.907)
0.414
Birth weight, ref. 3000∼3600 g
∼3000
1.142 (1.005, 1.298)
0.041
1.057 (0.825, 1.355)
0.661
1.122 (0.965, 1.304)
0.134
>3600
0.923 (0.810, 1.052)
0.231
0.796 (0.615, 1.031)
0.084
0.948 (0.813, 1.104)
0.490
Breastfeeding, ref. 4∼10 months
0∼3
1.016 (0.887, 1.164)
0.820
1.253 (0.993, 1.582)
0.057
1.017 (0.857, 1.206)
0.851
>10
1.265 (1.118, 1.433)
<0.001
1.119 (0.840, 1.489)
0.442
1.149 (0.999, 1.323)
0.052
Mother with obesity (yes vs. no)
1.140 (0.962, 1.350)
0.130
1.040 (0.742, 1.458)
0.820
1.187 (0.974, 1.447)
0.089
Anthropometric measure model c
10.89
11.09
11.73
Weight, kg
1.040 (1.035, 1.044)
<0.001
1.046 (1.038, 1.055)
<0.001
1.038 (1.033, 1.043)
<0.001
Height, cm
0.940 (0.932, 0.948)
<0.001
0.937 (0.921, 0.952)
<0.001
0.938 (0.929, 0.947)
<0.001
Heart rate, n/min
1.089 (1.079, 1.099)
<0.001
1.087 (1.068, 1.106)
<0.001
1.096 (1.084, 1.108)
<0.001
Total PA, ref. <150 min/week
0.902 (0.810, 1.005)
0.063
1.001 (0.810, 1.236)
0.998
0.925 (0.814, 1.051)
0.230
Serum biochemical index model d
8.86
1.19
4.09
FBG, mmol/L
1.771 (1.560, 2.012)
<0.001
1.256 (1.037, 1.521)
0.020
1.103 (0.840, 1.447)
0.480
TC, mmol/L
0.803 (0.578, 1.114)
0.189
1.123 (0.775, 1.627)
0.539
1.318(0.684,2.537)
0.409
TG, mmol/L
1.326 (1.166, 1.507)
<0.001
1.304 (1.114, 1.527)
0.001
1.504 (1.187, 1.905)
0.001
HDL-C, mmol/L
1.114 (0.725, 1.711)
0.623
0.844 (0.502, 1.419)
0.523
0.420 (0.179, 0.986)
0.046
LDL-C, mmol/L
2.262 (1.629, 3.140)
<0.001
1.124 (0.693, 1.823)
0.636
0.940 (0.507, 1.744)
0.845
Blood cell composition model e
12.04
3.76
7.76
RBC, n × 10^12/L
3.000 (1.716, 5.243)
<0.001
1.692 (0.790, 3.622)
0.176
2.657 (1.240, 5.692)
0.012
HGB, g/L
1.012 (0.989, 1.035)
0.319
1.025 (0.958, 1.097)
0.468
1.007 (0.986, 1.029)
0.508
HCT, %
1.051 (0.964, 1.147)
0.260
1.021 (0.812, 1.283)
0.862
1.017 (0.931, 1.112)
0.702
MCV, fL
1.007 (0.980, 1.035)
0.611
0.998 (0.967, 1.030)
0.909
1.021 (0.976, 1.067)
0.370
MCHC, g/L
1.010 (0.997, 1.023)
0.117
1.003 (0.976, 1.031)
0.834
0.999 (0.978, 1.019)
0.888
PLT, n×10^9/L
1.004 (1.002, 1.005)
<0.001
1.002 (0.999, 1.004)
0.056
1.004 (1.001, 1.006)
0.004
WSCR, %
0.997 (0.971, 1.024)
0.846
1.014 (0.971, 1.059)
0.523
0.988 (0.954, 1.022)
0.476
WMCR, %
1.016 (0.951, 1.086)
0.638
1.046 (0.966, 1.133)
0.269
1.060 (0.911, 1.233)
0.450
WSCC, n×10^9/L
1.261 (0.993, 1.601)
0.057
1.153 (0.784, 1.698)
0.469
1.249 (0.917, 1.702)
0.159
WMCC, n×10^9/L
0.588 (0.259, 1.337)
0.205
0.572 (0.208, 1.570)
0.278
0.392 (0.067, 2.301)
0.300
WLCC, n×10^9/L
1.057 (0.923, 1.209)
0.424
1.173 (0.965, 1.424)
0.108
1.073 (0.874, 1.317)
0.503
RDWSD, %
1.056 (1.018, 1.096)
0.003
0.976 (0.924, 1.031)
0.388
1.015 (0.963, 1.069)
0.583
MPV, fL
1.201 (1.111, 1.298)
<0.001
1.028 (0.922, 1.147)
0.618
1.140 (0.992, 1.308)
0.064
SES, socioeconomic status; PA, physical activity; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; PLT, platelet; WSCR, WBC small cell ratio; WMCR, WBC middle cell ratio or mixed cell percent; WSCC, WBC small cell count or lymphocyte count; WMCC, WBC middle cell count or mixed cell count; WLCC, WBC large cell count or neutrophil count; RDWSD, red blood cell distribution width; MPV, mean platelet volume. aA total of 11265, 4294, 6971 subjects being included in SES model 1 of total, urban and rural, respectively. bA total of 11171, 4328, and 6843 subjects being included in SES model 1 of total, urban, and rural areas, respectively. cA total of 11795, 4491, and 7304 subjects being included in SES model 1 of total, urban, and rural areas, respectively. dA total of 5955,4743,1212 subjects being included in SES model 1 of total, urban, and rural areas, respectively. eA total of 5662, 4521, and 1141 subjects being included in SES model 1 of total, urban, and rural areas, respectively.
