Prevalence and Risk Factors of Childhood Hypertension in Urban-Rural Areas of China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 5
Full model of risk factors for childhood hypertension.
Variables
Total
Urban
Rural
OR (95% CI)
R2
OR (95% CI)
R2
OR (95% CI)
R2 (%)
Full model 1 a
13.61
10.88
12.23
Region (urban vs. rural)
2.208 (1.926, 2.531)
<0.001
Income, ref. ≤500 RMB
∼1000
1.052 (0.804, 1.377)
0.710
1.128 (0.424, 3.001)
0.809
1.037 (0.783, 1.373)
0.799
∼2000
1.035 (0.804, 1.332)
0.790
1.029 (0.416, 2.542)
0.951
1.040 (0.798, 1.356)
0.771
∼3000
1.004 (0.781, 1.290)
0.974
1.024 (0.422, 2.482)
0.958
1.004 (0.769, 1.310)
0.976
>3000
0.950 (0.744, 1.213)
0.682
1.016 (0.426, 2.420)
0.972
0.920 (0.709, 1.194)
0.532
Medical insurance (yes vs. no)
0.901 (0.774, 1.048)
0.177
1.173 (0.771, 1.784)
0.457
0.861 (0.730, 1.015)
0.075
Total PA, ref. <150 min/week
0.929 (0.829, 1.041)
0.202
0.927 (0.746, 1.153)
0.497
0.920 (0.805, 1.053)
0.226
Pickle, g
1.002 (1.001, 1.003)
0.025
1.001 (0.996, 1.004)
0.877
1.002 (1.001, 1.004)
0.010
Perinatal measures
Gestational hypertension (yes vs. no)
1.615 (1.083, 2.407)
0.019
2.461 (1.203, 5.036)
0.014
1.380 (0.857, 2.222)
0.186
Birth weight, ref. 3000∼3600 g
∼3000
1.152 (1.005, 1.321)
0.042
1.060 (0.814, 1.381)
0.664
1.188 (1.013, 1.394)
0.035
>3600
0.932 (0.812, 1.070)
0.315
0.839 (0.642, 1.097)
0.201
0.966 (0.821, 1.135)
0.671
Breastfeeding, ref. 4∼10 months
0∼3
1.067 (0.923, 1.232)
0.382
1.206 (0.945, 1.538)
0.133
0.991 (0.827, 1.187)
0.918
>10
1.124 (0.984, 1.284)
0.085
1.043 (0.770, 1.413)
0.786
1.134 (0.977, 1.317)
0.097
Anthropometric measures
BMI
1.184 (1.161, 1.208)
<0.001
1.151 (1.109, 1.194)
<0.001
1.199 (1.171, 1.227)
<0.001
Height, cm
0.992 (0.983, 1.002)
0.107
0.994 (0.976, 1.012)
0.514
0.992 (0.981, 1.003)
0.148
Heart rate, n/min
1.040 (1.036, 1.045)
<0.001
1.047 (1.038, 1.056)
<0.001
1.037 (1.032, 1.043)
<0.001
Full model 2 b
23.25
11.12
25.04
Region (urban vs. rural)
2.310 (1.667, 3.205)
<0.001
Income, ref. ≤500 RMB
∼1000
1.610 (0.898, 2.886)
0.328
1.021 (0.314, 3.325)
0.970
1.723 (0.873, 3.401)
0.374
∼2000
1.544 (0.896, 2.662)
0.385
1.077 (0.362, 3.209)
0.814
1.619 (0.848, 3.090)
0.537
∼3000
1.574 (0.921, 2.691)
0.261
1.105 (0.378, 3.233)
0.676
1.658(0.876,3.136)
0.423
>3000
1.373 (0.811, 2.322)
0.836
0.960(0.334,2.760)
0.625
1.492 (0.799, 2.789)
0.921
Medical insurance (yes vs. no)
0.841 (0.636, 1.112)
0.224
1.009 (0.632,1.613)
0.969
0.734 (0.509, 1.059)
0.098
Total PA, ref. <150 min/week
0.989 (0.814, 1.200)
0.908
0.907(0.703, 1.170)
0.451
1.102 (0.811, 1.498)
0.534
Pickle, g/day
1.114 (0.965, 1.287)
0.140
1.038 (0.830, 1.298)
0.742
1.177 (0.965, 1.435)
0.108
Perinatal measures
Gestational hypertension (yes vs. no)
1.939 (0.966, 3.891)
0.062
2.535 (1.117, 5.753)
0.026
1.055 (0.326, 3.421)
0.929
Birth weight, ref. 3000∼3600 g
∼3000
1.008 (0.794, 1.280)
0.759
1.057 (0.777, 1.437)
0.425
0.960 (0.657, 1.405)
0.607
>3600
0.948 (0.753, 1.195)
0.604
0.880 (0.644, 1.203)
0.303
1.106 (0.772, 1.583)
0.469
Breastfeeding, ref. 4∼10 months
0∼3
1.255 (0.993, 1.586)
0.416
1.144 (0.857, 1.526)
0.615
1.436 (0.951, 2.167)
0.425
>10
1.312 (1.035, 1.663)
0.166
1.133 (0.806, 1.595)
0.723
1.514 (1.075, 2.134)
0.156
Anthropometric measures
BMI, kg/m2
1.146 (1.112, 1.181)
<0.001
1.155 (1.102, 1.211)
<0.001
1.138 (1.092, 1.185)
<0.001
Height, cm
0.987 (0.978, 0.997)
0.009
0.975 (0.962, 0.988)
<0.001
1.006 (0.991, 1.021)
0.448
Heart rate, n/min
1.046 (1.039, 1.054)
<0.001
1.043 (1.033, 1.054)
<0.001
1.051 (1.038, 1.064)
<0.001
Biochemical index measures
FBG, mmol/L
1.080 (0.890, 1.311)
0.434
1.048 (0.820, 1.341)
0.706
1.207 (0.862, 1.689)
0.273
TC, mmol/L
0.940 (0.781, 1.132)
0.516
0.966 (0.753, 1.239)
0.785
0.859 (0.647, 1.141)
0.294
HDL-C, mmol/L
1.196 (0.783, 1.828)
0.408
1.185 (0.670, 2.096)
0.560
1.157 (0.606, 2.210)
0.658
RBC, n×10^12/L
1.946 (1.409, 2.687)
<0.001
1.742 (1.139, 2.664)
0.010
2.095 (1.239, 3.544)
0.006
HGB, g/L
1.006 (0.994, 1.018)
0.348
1.010 (0.992, 1.028)
0.274
0.999 (0.983, 1.016)
0.942
WSCR, %
1.005 (0.994, 1.017)
0.366
1.012 (0.996, 1.028)
0.128
0.996 (0.978, 1.014)
0.668
MPV, fL
1.017 (0.939, 1.101)
0.679
1.043 (0.945, 1.151)
0.408
0.954 (0.803, 1.096)
0.502
PA, physical activity; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RBC, red blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin; WSCR, white blood cell small cell ratio; MPV, mean platelet volume. aA total of 11014, 4265, and 6749 subjects being included in full model 1 of total, urban, and rural areas, respectively, and adjusted age and gender. bA total of 4265, 3257, and 1008 subjects being included in full model 2 of total, urban, and rural areas, respectively, and adjusted age and gender. The values in bold indicate that the variables have significant correlation with childhood hypertension.
