International Journal of Hypertension

Research Article

Comparison of Effects of ACEIs and ARBs on Albuminuria and Hyperkalemia in Indonesian Hypertensive Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Table 1

Anthropometric, sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and pharmacological therapy characteristics of T2DM patients on ACEIs or ARBs.


Characteristics	ACEIs	ARBs	value
Characteristics	N = 57 (42.5)	N = 77 (57.5)	value

Sex			0.518^a
Male	30 (52.6)	35 (45.5)
Female	27 (47.4)	42 (54.5)
Age (years)	58.07 ± 8.09	59.04 ± 8.25	0.499^c
Categorical			0.835^b
31–40 years	2 (3.5)	1 (1.3)
41–50 years	6 (10.5)	8 (10.4)
51–60 years	29 (50.9)	38 (49.4)
≥60 years	20 (35.1)	30 (39.0)
BMI (kg/m²)	26.85 ± 4.11	27.06 ± 4.46	0.782^c
Categorical			0.008^b
Underweight	1 (1.8)	− (0.0)
Normal	9 (15.8)	19 (24.7)
Overweight	13 (22.8)	4 (5.2)
Obesity I	18 (31.6)	38 (49.4)
Obesity II	16 (28.1)	16 (20.8)
Occupation			1.000^a
Employed	14 (24.6)	20 (26.0)
Unemployed	43 (75.4)	57 (74.0)
Education			0.422^b
Uneducated	—(0.0)	2 (2.6)
Elementary school graduates	5 (8.8)	5 (6.5)
Junior high school graduates	10 (17.5)	7 (9.1)
Senior high school graduates	21 (36.8)	33 (42.9)
College graduate	21 (36.8)	30 (39.0)
Smoking habit			0.399^b
Smokers	6 (10.5)	6 (7.8)
Nonsmokers	48 (84.2)	62 (80.5)
Ex-smokers	3 (5.3)	9 (11.7)
Duration of type 2 diabetes (years)	10 (1–30)	10 (2–46)	0.554^d
Categorical			0.296^b
≤5 years	13 (22.8)	11 (14.3)
>5 years	44 (77.2)	66 (85.7)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (n−102)	133 (90–193)	137 (97–205)	0.309^d
Categorical			0.141^a
≤140 mmHg	29 (67.4)	30 (50.8)
>140 mmHg	14 (32.6)	29 (49.2)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (n = 102)	79 (54–105)	79 (45–96)	0.690^d
Categorical			0.505^a
≤90 mmHg	35 (81.4)	52 (88.1)
>90 mmHg	8 (18.6)	7 (11.9)
HbA1c (%)	7.3 (5.5–11.7)	7.5 (5.1–13.3)	0.466
Categorical			0.485^a
≤7.0%	25 (43.9)	28 (36.4)
>7.0%	32 (56.1)	49 (63.6)
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	115 (58–190)	121 (47–264)	0.366^d
Categorical			0.926^a
<100 mg/dL	15 (26.3)	22 (28.6)
≥100 mg/dL	42 (73.7)	55 (71.4)
ACR (mg/g)	47.6 (3.20–4060.5)	50.80 (3.8–5504.6)	0.345^d
Categorical			0.970^a
≤30 mg/g	24 (42.1)	31 (40.3)
>30 mg/g	33 (57.9)	46 (59.7)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	71.41 ± 19.93	64.08 ± 20.50	0.040^c
Categorical			0.051^a
≥60 mL/min/1.73 m²	40 (70.2)	40 (51.9)
30–59 mL/min/1.73 m²	17 (29.8)	37 (48.1)
Serum potassium (mmol/L)	4.9 (3.62–6.50)	4.9 (2.97–9.30)	0.780^d
Categorical			0.860^a
<5.5 mmol/L	46 (80.7)	60 (77.9)
≥5.5 mmol/L	11 (19.3)	17 (22.1)
Diabetes therapy			0.569^b
Oral antidiabetic agents	22 (38.6)	26 (33.8)
Insulin	15 (26.3)	17 (22.1)
Combination therapy	20 (35.1)	34 (44.2)
Oral antidiabetic agents (n = 102)			0.616^b
Biguanides	17 (29.8)	24 (31.2)
Sulfonylurea	2 (3.5)	7 (9.1)
Α-glucosidase inhibitors	0 (0.0)	1 (1.3)
Combination	23 (40.4)	28 (36.4)
Hypertension therapy			0.110^b
ACEIs/ARBs monotherapy	12 (21.1)	16 (20.8)
ACEIs/ARBs + 1 non-RAS inhibitors	30 (52.6)	33 (42.9)
ACEIs/ARBs + 2 non-RAS inhibitors	8 (14.0)	21 (27.3)
ACEIs/ARBs + 3 non-RAS inhibitors	4 (7.0)	7 (9.1)
ACEIs/ARBs + 4 non-RAS inhibitors	3 (5.3)	− (0.0)
ACEIs/ARBs usage duration (months)	6 (2–54)	16 (2–61)
Categorical
≤3 months	23 (40.4)	5 (6.5)
3–6 months	9 (15.8)	9 (11.7)
>6 months	25 (43.8)	63 (81.8)

ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers, ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI equation). ^aContinuity correction; ^bPearson chi-square; ^cindependent t-test; ^dMann–Whitney test; denominator for each characteristic is number in respective groups; categorical data presented as n (%), continuous data presented in mean ± SD or median (min-max); statistically significant.