Research Article
Gender-Specific Longitudinal Association of Sleep Duration with Blood Pressure among Children: Evidence from CHNS 2004–2015
Table 1
Sample characteristics (mean (SD) or n (percentage)) over survey years from 2004 to 2015.
| | | 2004 (n = 374) | 2006 (n = 566) | 2009 (n = 530) | 2011 (n = 522) | 2015 (n = 209) | Time trend () |
| | Participants’ personal characteristics | | | | | | | | Age (years) | 9.05 (1.47) | 9.92 (1.95) | 10.12 (1.90) | 9.84 (2.07) | 11.82 (0.82) | <0.001 | | Gender | | | | | | | | Boy | 196 (52.4) | 305 (54.7) | 296 (55.8) | 278 (53.3) | 107 (51.2) | 0.739 | | Girl | 178 (47.6) | 252 (45.3) | 234 (44.2) | 244 (46.7) | 102 (48.8) | | | Waist circumference | 57.41 (6.90) | 58.47 (8.12) | 60.64 (10.04) | 60.67 (11.21) | 65.42 (12.36) | <0.001 | | BMI z score | −0.08 (0.82) | −0.02 (0.93) | −0.04 (0.96) | 0.05 (1.09) | 0.20 (1.24) | 0.099 | | Physical activities frequency per week (times) | | | | | | | | <3 | 156 (47.4) | 166 (28.8) | 103 (26.0) | 110 (29.1) | 124 (42.1) | <0.001 | | 3–7 | 136 (41.3) | 158 (42.1) | 184 (46.5) | 183 (48.4) | 72 (40.4) | | | ≥8 | 37 (11.2) | 109 (29.1) | 109 (27.5) | 85 (22.5) | 31 (17.4) | | | Screen time per day (hours) | | | | | | | | <1 | 123 (35.8) | 155 (29.6) | 125 (24.1) | 206 (24.0) | 55 (28.5) | <0.001 | | 1-2 | 134 (39.0) | 187 (35.7) | 196 (37.8) | 202 (40.1) | 54 (28.0) | | | ≥3 | 87 (25.3) | 182 (34.7) | 197 (38.0) | 181 (30.9) | 84 (43.5) | | | Family and community information | | | | | | | | Parents’ hypertension history | | | | | | | | Yes | 9 (2.6) | 13 (2.5) | 24 (5.0) | 24 (5.6) | 14 (8.0) | 0.006 | | No | 342 (97.4) | 499 (97.5) | 459 (95.0) | 425 (94.4) | 161 (92.0) | | | Per capita house income (yuan) | | | | | | | | Tertiles 1 | 165 (44.6) | 356 (43.0) | 147 (28.2) | 187 (24.4) | 42 (23.3) | <0.001 | | Tertiles 2 | 131 (35.4) | 207 (38.1) | 192 (36.9) | 167 (32.6) | 69 (20.8) | | | Tertiles 3 | 71 (20.0) | 103 (18.9) | 182 (34.9) | 220 (43.0) | 122 (58.9) | | | Urbanization index | | | | | | | | Tertiles 1 | 122 (32.6) | 203 (36.5) | 201 (37.9) | 197 (37.7) | 84 (40.2) | 0.711 | | Tertiles 2 | 138 (36.9) | 186 (33.5) | 175 (33.0) | 169 (32.4) | 71 (34.0) | | | Tertiles 3 | 114 (30.5) | 167 (30.0) | 154 (29.1) | 156 (29.9) | 54 (25.8) | | | Region | | | | | | | | Central | 90 (24.1) | 131 (23.6) | 134 (25.3) | 128 (24.5) | 66 (20.1) | <0.001 | | East coast | 61 (16.3) | 95 (17.1) | 98 (18.5) | 106 (20.3) | 59 (28.2) | | | Northeastern | 98 (26.2) | 120 (21.6) | 73 (13.8) | 52 (10.0) | 18 (9.0) | | | Western | 125 (33.4) | 210 (37.8) | 225 (42.5) | 236 (45.2) | 90 (41.0) | | | Sleep duration and blood pressure | | | | | | | | Sleep duration (hours) | 9.30 (0.92) | 9.13 (0.90) | 9.13 (0.95) | 9.13 (0.90) | 8.58 (0.93) | <0.001 | | Sleep duration (hours) | | | | | | | | <9 | 71 (19.0) | 136 (24.5) | 135 (25.5) | 128 (24.5) | 117 (56.0) | <0.001 | | ≥9 | 303 (81.0) | 420 (75.5) | 395 (74.5) | 394 (75.5) | 92 (44.0) | | | SBP (mmHg) | 93.48 (12.38) | 93.80 (12.03) | 97.50 (12.93) | 96.42 (11.67) | 102.24 (12.59) | <0.001 | | DBP (mmHg) | 61.79 (9.66) | 62.04 (8.48) | 65.35 (9.17) | 63.12 (8.95) | 66.14 (9.30) | <0.001 | | Elevated BP | | | | | | | | Yes | 52 (13.9) | 53 (9.5) | 95 (17.9) | 66 (12.6) | 32 (15.3) | 0.002 | | No | 322 (86.1) | 503 (90.5) | 435 (82.1) | 456 (87.4) | 177 (84.7) | |
|
|
BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BP: blood pressure.
|
