Cross-Sectional Relationship between Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity and Biomarkers in Vascular-Related Diseases

Table 1

Clinical characteristics in different groups.

Characteristics	Healthy (N = 186)	Group 1 (N = 237)	Group 2 (N = 174)	Group 3 (N = 59)	value
Age (year）	56.0 ± 10.4	60.0 ± 10.0	65.0 ± 11.5	67.2 ± 11.7	<0.001
Male/female	74/112	97/140	78/96	23/36	0.752
CCB (%)	0	18.1	29.3	49.2%	<0.001
ACEI/ARB (%)	0	17.3	28.7	44.0%	<0.001
B-blocker (%)	0	13.5	31.0	33.9	<0.001
Antidiabetic agent (%)	0	4.6	21.2	72.9%	<0.001
Lipid-lowering
agent (%)	0	27.4	41.4	54.2%	<0.001
Smoking (%)	24.7	27.8	32.7	27.1	0.344
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.38 ± 3.46	25.65 ± 3.43	26.07 ± 3.40	26.09 ± 3.66	<0.001
CFPWV (m/s)	10.11 ± 2.28	10.70 ± 2.12	11.92 ± 2.55	12.71 ± 2.38%	<0.001
RABI	1.130 ± 0.10	1.125 ± 0.08	1.098 ± 0.11	1.058 ± 0.12%	<0.001
LABI	1.116 ± 0.12	1.122 ± 0.09	1.095 ± 0.11	1.083 ± 0.15	0.019
SBP (mmHg)	128.8 ± 16.2	139.0 ± 19.4	145.0 ± 20.3	145.0 ± 20.0	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	80.7 ± 9.5	84.9 ± 12.0	86.3 ± 11.2	83.6 ± 11.3	<0.001
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	48.1 ± 10.6	54.0 ± 13.5	58.7 ± 16.0	61.4 ± 14.6	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	5.50 ± 0.85	5.69 ± 1.21	6.31 ± 1.92	7.44 ± 2.53%	<0.001
UA (μmol/L)	298.2 ± 71.8	310.9 ± 80.7	321.9 ± 79.3	314.4 ± 91.7	0.043
Creatinine (μmol/L)	63.2 ± 13.5	66.5 ± 22.0	68.4 ± 19.7	68.3 ± 19.8	0.055
TC (mmol/L)	5.18 ± 1.10	4.95 ± 1.11	4.44 ± 1.15	4.58 ± 1.27	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.33 ± 0.35	1.25 ± 0.31	1.14 ± 0.27	1.11 ± 0.27	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.25 ± 0.89	3.05 ± 0.89	2.59 ± 0.86	2.72 ± 0.84	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.72 ± 1.29	1.84 ± 1.56	1.77 ± 1.80	1.96 ± 2.32	0.751
HCY (μmol/L)	11.57 ± 5.90	13.82 ± 8.21	15.27 ± 7.21	15.87 ± 8.08	<0.001
Log NT-proBNP	1.84–2.27	1.89–2.33	2.04–2.55	1.92–2.57	<0.001
Log UAE	0.36–0.76	0.40–0.93	0.54–1.03	0.57–1.49	<0.001

values were calculated using analysis of one-way ANOVA. Least-significant difference (LSD) was used to do comparison analysis between groups, marked with ∗, #, and %. vs healthy, ; vs group 1, ; % vs group 2, ; group 1, with one of the diseases of hypertension, CHD, and DM; group 2, with two of the diseases of hypertension, CHD, and DM; group 3: with all the diseases of hypertension, CHD, and DM; CHD, coronary heart disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; CFPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; RABI, right ankle brachial index; LABI, left ankle brachial index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; UA, uric acid; TC, cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HCY, homocysteine; UAE, urine albumin (microalbumin) excretion; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.